Non strongyle parasites of horses

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26 Terms

1

What nematodes affect horses?

  • Parascaris equorum

  • Oxyuris equi

  • Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

  • Filarial nematodes

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2

what cestodes affect horses?

Anoplocephala perfoliata

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3

what ectoparsites affect horses?

  • lice

  • Chorioptes

  • Bots - Gastrophilus

  • Sweet itch - Culicoides spp

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4

what trematodes affect horses?

Fasciola hepatica

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5

what are the characteristics of tapeworms?

  • adult parasites primarily found in small intestine

  • indirect life cycle - involves oribatid mite as intermediate host

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6

what are features of Anoplocephala perfoliata?

  • most common and most significant species

  • adult tapeworms found at ileo-caecal junction

  • short, broad segments

  • lappets behind each of four suckers

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7

what is the life cycle of A. perfoliata?

  • eggs ingested by free-living oribatid mites

  • develop to metacestode stage

    • found in soil, shavings and hay

  • infected mite ingested by horse

  • adult tapeworm at ileo-caecal junction

  • proglottids passed in faeces, disintegrate and eggs released

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8

what is the appearance of A. perfoliata eggs?

  • irregularly spherical (D shape)

  • 60-80um

  • onchosphere supported by pyriform apparatus

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9

what is the pathogenesis of A. perfoliata?

  • spasmodic colic

  • intussusception

  • ileal impaction

  • rupture

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10

what are the clinical signs of A. perfoliata?

  • ulceration and pathological changes in intestine

  • unthriftiness

  • enteritis

  • colic

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11

what animals are affected by A. perfoliata and when?

  • all ages infected (<3 years old have highest levels of infection)

  • peak levels detected in autumn/winter but possible all year round

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12

how do we diagnose A. perfoilata?

  • eggs in faeces - FEC (sensitivity is 60%)

  • ELISA to detect circulating antibody (sensitivity 68%, specificity 95%)

  • EquiSal saliva test - improved sensitivity, antibody based

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13

how do we treat A. perfoliata?

  • double dose pyrantel

  • praziquantel

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14

what are the ascarid nematodes?

large white roundworms, adults found in small intestine

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15

what are general features of ascarid nematodes?

  • females lay huge numbers of eggs

  • eggs are highly resistant

  • L2/L3 develop in the egg and are the infective stages

  • direct life cycle

  • hepato-tracheal migration - stimulates profound inflammatory response

  • adult worms can cause mechanical blockage

  • no damage to mucosa

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16

what is Parascaris equorum?

the ascarid of horses and donkeys, common world wide

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17

what is the life cycle of Parascaris equorum?

  • eggs passed in faeces

  • develop on the ground (approx 4 weeks) - temperature dependent

  • egg containing L2/3 is eaten by horse

  • L2/3 migrates to liver and lung

  • coughed up and swallowed, L4-5 in small intestine

  • PPP = 12 weeks

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18

what animals are usually affected by Parascaris equorum?

typically affects foals - adult horses usually immune

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19

what are clinical signs of Parascaris equorum infection?

  • transient cough

  • poor weight gain and unthriftiness

  • no diarrhoea

  • possible obstruction in heavily infected individuals

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20

how do we control Parascaris equorum?

anthelmintic treatment

  • drug resistance is reported to ivermectin, moxidectin (possibly also BZ and PYR)

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21

what is oxyuris equi?

horse pinworm, found in large intestine, causes ‘anal rust’

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22

what is the appearance of oxyuris equi?

  • pointed tails

  • 1-10cm

  • eggs 80um

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23

what is the lifecycle of oxyuris equi?

  • direct

  • female lays eggs on peri-anal skin

  • eggs fall to the ground

  • develop to L3 in the egg (approx 5 days)

  • ingested by horse

  • larvae develop in mucosal crypts in large intestine

  • adults in lumen of large intestine

  • PPP = 5 months

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24

what are clinical signs of Oxyuris equi?

  • pruritis

  • excoriation (tail)

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25

how do we diagnose Oxyuris equi?

  • eggs on perianal area

  • sellotape / scotchtape test

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26

how do we control Oxyuris equi?

  • anthelmintics - challenging due to lack of efficacy and rapid reinfection

  • high hygiene environment reduces transmission

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