Europe in the Age of Revolutions Midterm

Sieyes

the author of “What is the Third Estate?”

1789

When was “What is the Third Estate?” published

“What is the Third Estate?”

• argued that the Third Estate formed a nation in and of itself

• the First and Second estates should be abolished because they are dead-weight/don’t contribute to society

• encapsulates the core of the French Revolution

corporative 

• “body”

• refers to the tendency of the old regime to group people into defining groups, whether that might means estates, classes, or castes

• inherently hierarchical

cosmopolitan 

• pre-national

• worldly

• sign of nobility/upper-class

particularistic

• small localities operating as independent powers

• not yet a united nation 

• dispersal of powers 

• NOT CENTRALIZED

bourgeoise

• from the third estate; begin to grow in wealth and property, making them an altogether separate class but without much political influence 

• the townsfolk 

parlement

• registered taxes, laws

• can contest or veto laws and taxes

  • if the king dislikes this veto, he can send a lit de justice to argue with them and force them to pass it

• largely made up of nobles/wealthy 

• 13, highest in Paris 

venality

selling offices to people to give royal coffers more money; money doesn’t last long because then you have to pay the people who paid you to be granted an office

Estates-General

• meeting between all three estates 

• hadn’t been called since 1614; no one’s really sure how it works

• first and second estate votes worth more than third estate even though they have more people (do not count votes by head)

corvee

conscription labor

Assembly of Notables

• important officials and aristocrats invited by the king to ratify the new tax proposals

• 144 people selected

• disaster; nobles believe they shouldn’t be forced to pay taxes 

• call for the Estates-General as a result 

vote by order

• one vote per estate, meaning if 1 and 2 vote a certain way, the 3 is irrelevant. 

• - third estate doesn’t want to vote this way and advocate for change to vote by head 

The Great Fear

• rumors circulating through rural France; afraid of the soldiers supposedly marching through France to undermine the National Assembly.

• They sack the chateaus that hold records of feudalism in defense of their own low class 

The October Days

• 1789

• Parisians take to the street to protest conditions; most are women 

• March to Versailles and invade it, sending the royal family running 

• demand the government move to Paris, including the royal family 

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

• ecclesiastical land returns to the hands of the state 

• abolition of the tithe

• Protestants and Jews have rights

• monasteries are closed

• priests must swear oath to defend the French state

refractory priest

• non-juring

• those who did not take oath

emigres

• nobles and wealthy that exiled themselves from France

• start stirring up trouble with other monarchs in Europe to get them to come after the revolutionaries

Olympe de Gouges

Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

Flight to Varennes

• royal family attempts to escape

• throws suspicion on royal family that they’re not super into this revolution stuff 

• allege that the king and fam were abducted so they don’t have to deal with that issue of a non-consenting monarch in a constitutional monarchy

Jacobins

• left-leaning/radical, socially progressive

• largest club in the National Convention —> “Montagnards” or the mountain 

• splits after fight between republicans and monarchists 

Brunswick Manifesto

• document circulating from Louis’s brothers that calls for European monarchs to rally against the revolutionaries

• Brissot, in response, clamors for a republic and a war against the monarchs 

Revolutionary Tribune

to try revolutionary crimes; a few days after it is instated, Lafayette defects and an election takes place w few participants.

Septembriseur

• prisons are sacked and supposed traders brutally murdered

• Brissot and Robespierre refuse to take responsibility for it 

• used as a negative name; considered shameful 

Battle of Valmy

revolutionary forces are successful in fending off Austria from Paris

montagnard

• Jacobin in the National Convention

• majority in National Convention

sans-culottes

• without pants

• the general public 

Brissotines

• Brissot

• don’t like expanded state power after the monarch is removed

• ally with Girondines 

Girondines

• purged from Convention in June 1793 

• opposed to tyranny of the mob

• all eventually executed 

commune

• Paris townhall

• municipal gov of Paris during the Revolution 

• begins to gain power because of extensive involvement of the people 

Committee of Public Safety

12 men act as emergency executive authority that was dreaded by Brissotans. They are in charge of the guillotine 

levee en masse

mass conscription in September of 1794

Hebert

leads a mass of sans-culottes on a march; demand that “terror be made the order of the day”. Command is endorsed by the National Convention

spinning Jenny

weaving device of Industrial Revolution

1789

When was Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen written?

The National Assembly

Who wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

list of rights written by the National Convention in 1789 

Reflections on the French Revolution

written by Edmund Burke as a conservative reaction to the French Revolution (negative)

Edmund Burke

Who wrote Reflections on the French Revolution

1790

When was Reflections on the French Revolution written

Engels

Who wrote Working Class Manchester

1845

When was Working Class Manchester written?

Michelet

Who wrote The Revolution of Cheap Calico?

1846

When was The Revolution of Cheap Calico written