EP Test 3

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ancestral benefits of cooperation:

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ancestral benefits of cooperation:

• Communal offspring care • Reduced risk of predation & natural hazards • ‘insurance’ against injury • Cooperative hunting & resource sharing • Defense (or offense) of resources or territory

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Reciprocal altruism

cooperative and prosocial behavior in non-kin, contingent on reciprocity

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Indirect reciprocity

helping others (cooperating) brings long-term benefits from third parties (‘paying it forward’)

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Costly signaling

large displays of generosity or prosocial behavior signal value as an ally

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Prisoner’s dilemma

how do people achieve cooperation and avoid temptation

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2 keys to prisoner's dilemma

  1. Iterating the dilemma multiple times

  2. The use of tit-for-tat- reciprocity

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For cooperation and altruism to work…

  1. People need to identify when theyre being cheated

  2. Avoid cheaters

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Detecting deception

• people are not very good a consciously detecting deception (our bodies are better) o heightened arousal, threat response o this is how polygraphs work

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Free riding

taking benefits from group without giving anything back

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Abdication

giving away the choice

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advantages of abdication:

• Makes you look generous, and the other person feel gratitude • Typically, the person will give you the better reward

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Emotions that facilitate cooperation:

anger, shame, gratitude

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anger

facilitates desire for punishment

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shame

when people violate an accepted social rule (cheating)

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groups with lots of altruists would...

cooperate very well

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groups without altruists would...

go extinct

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Problem with group selection:

• Free riders and cheaters undermine the benefits of altruism • Group selection gets overwhelmed by individual selection

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Sociometer theory

Self-esteem reflects perceived level of social acceptance

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Social reconnection hypothesis

Social exclusion motivates people to form and solidify social connections (satisfy the need to belong) EX: frisbee video

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Social monitoring theory

when people are worried about being rejected, they monitor the social environment very closely

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The role of social anxiety:

• Effects of exclusion on social reconnection are reduced by social anxiety • Effects hinge on perceived possibilities for reconnection • Social anxiety blocks those perceptions

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Highly anxious people DID NOT....

increase perceptions of sociability

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Functions of violence

• Co-opt others’ resources • Defend against attack • Deter future aggression • Negotiate hierarchies • Deter mates from cheating

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Men judge their own and others’ fighting abilities ...

more frequently than women

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Sexual dimorphism is considered what kind of agression?

physical aggression

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indirect aggression is most common in...

women

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women tend to use what kind of aggression?

derogation

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Young Male Syndrome

• Aggression • Risk-taking • Competitiveness

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those who engage in warfare have...

4x as many wives & more affairs

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Raids:

when male war parties go out and launch a sneak attack on several males from rival coalition

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raids happen because of...

• Failed agreement • Suspicions of adultery

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is social hierarchy universal across species and cultures?

Yes, (chicken example)

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Dominance

use of formal authority, fear, coercion, and power

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Prestige

being a role model, wielding admiration and respect (based on knowledge and expertise)

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noble savage hypothesis

NOT TRUE; society makes us less violent, people are inherently violent.

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male warrior hypothesis

the presence of warfare increases cooperation between men

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cons of dominance:

selfishness, narcissism, thirst for power, prioritize their own capacity for power over the group, engage in malicious envy

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dominance across species:

biggest, strongest, and most willing to act aggressively rises in social rank

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dominance across humans:

use of power, resources (money), formal authority

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social rank in ancestral groups is based primarily on...

prestige (egalitarian)

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cons of prestige:

o desire for approval & sensitivity to possible rejection o behaviors aimed at protecting social approval

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pros of prestige:

 works well for creative tasks  provides team members with voice and autonomy

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pros of dominance:

o Works well for task that require coordination/cooperation o Potential for punishment discourages selfishness o Preferred during intergroup conflict

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is dominance universal?

Yes, from crickets to chimpanzees

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Challenge hypothesis:

male T increases during mating season

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during intrasexual competition

T increases aggression and confidence (shows women they're a good mate)

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Social ranking matters for everyone, but more for men.. . why?

Women prefer high social status in potential partners

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Pride:

emotion experienced after gain in social rank

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Envy:

experienced by people relatively low in social rank

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Schadenfreude:

experiencing pleasure in another’s misfortune

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Authentic pride-

o Based on genuine accomplishment o Confidence and high-self esteem

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Hubristic pride-

o Arrogance, Narcissism, entitlement, sense of superiority

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Benign envy-

o Desire to emulate role model o Positively motivating--> raise your social rank

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Malicious envy-

o Desire to bring down high status person o Negatively motivating reducing other people’s social rank

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how does an evolutionary perspective affect the way we think about mental disorders?

Understanding the ultimate causes behind psychological disorders (based in evolved mechanisms)

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Darwinian Medicine:

Application of evolutionary principles to issues of health & disease

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darwinian medicine led to new insights about...

• Infectious diseases • Cancers • Autoimmune diseases

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Organizational behavior-

how people work in groups and teams to conduct business • leverages the psychology of social hierarchy, leadership, cooperation

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Business leadership-

• traditional approach: top-down, ‘command and control’ • newer approach: team-based

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Business teams-

• cooperation in teams essential for success • relies on psychology of reciprocal altruism (tit-for-tat)

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Negotiating-

• making joint decisions to divide resources

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Advertising & consumer behavior

• marketing products requires understanding the motives of the consumer • influence heuristics

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social proof

if others are doing it, it must be good

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scarcity

if something is rare, it must be good

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during ovulation women purchase more sexy clothing because...

SEX SELLS

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fundamental motives that drive people:

sex, social status, self-protection

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example of good marketing:

using fear to stop people from smoking

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marketing:

leveraging people’s evolved motives to sell products

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