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Chronic inflammation

A slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years, characterized by a simultaneous tissue destruction and attempts at healing.

Granuloma

A structure formed in chronic inflammation, consisting of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages transformed into epithelioid cells, surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes.

Autoimmunity

A condition where autoantigens evoke an immune reaction that results in chronic tissue damage and inflammation.

Endarteritis obliterans (EAO)

A pathological condition in chronic inflammation characterized by thickened walls and a narrowed lumen of blood vessels.

Epithelioid cells

Macrophages that have been transformed into cells resembling epithelial cells, commonly found in granulomas.

Foreign body granulomas

Granulomas caused by insoluble particles such as sutures or silica, where macrophages engulf the foreign material.

Immune granulomas

Granulomas caused by microbes capable of inducing cell-mediated immune responses, typically associated with delayed type hypersensitivity.

Il-12

An interleukin produced by macrophages that induces differentiation of CD4+ T cells into the TH1 subset.

Hypersensitivity

An exaggerated immune response to an antigen that can lead to tissue damage and inflammation.

Caseation

A type of necrosis that can occur in granulomas, often associated with infections like tuberculosis.

Inflammation

The body's immune response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Acute inflammation

A rapid inflammatory response occurring immediately after injury, typically lasting for a short duration and resolving after the stimulus is removed.

Tissue healing

The process by which the body repairs and regenerates tissue after injury, involving cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Macrophages

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris and pathogens, playing a key role in the immune response.

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that is one of the first responders to sites of inflammation, helping to combat infection.

Monocytes

A type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.

Fibrosis

The excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue, often resulting from chronic inflammation.

Cytokines

Small proteins released by cells that have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells in the immune response.

Granulation tissue

New tissue formed during the healing process, consisting of a mixture of collagen, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells.

Chronic wounds

Wounds that fail to heal in a timely manner, often due to underlying conditions like poor circulation or infection.