a&p lab: urinary system

urine pH

high: >8 → anemia, diet, increased veggies/ dairy

low: <5 → diet high in protein, cranberry juice, uncontrolled diabetes melitus

urine specific gravity

normal: 1.010-1.026

high: > 1.026 → concentrated, uncontrolled DM?, dehydration? anemia?

low: < 1.010 → dilute: increased fluid intake, renal damage

hydrometer: measures density of liquid

refractometer: uses refraction of light

protein in urine

high: proteinuria: high protein diet

low: very small traces of protein are considered normal

abnormal glucose in urine indicates

diabetes or large meal

color of urine:

light yellow/ amber:

orange: carots, abx,

green:

red/ brown:

dark wine:

light yellow/ amber: normal

orange: carots, abx, jaundice

green: asparagus, diuretics, bacterial infection

red/ brown: beets, laxatives, Hgb

dark wine: beets, antiinflamatory drugs, hemolytic jaundice

normal urine stats:

pH:

specific gravity:

protein:

glucose:

color:

pH: 5-8

specific gravity: 1.010-1.026

protein: absent

glucose: absent

color: light yellow/ amber

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

causes kidneys to release less water, decreases amount of urine produced

aldosterone

balance of water & slats (keep Na+, release K+)

3 segments of renal tubule:

1. proximal convoluted tubule

2. nephron loop

   1. distal convoluted tubule

2 parts of renal corpuscle

1. glomerulus

2. bowman’s capsule

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus & response to low osmolarity

-sense decrease in osmolarity of extracellular fluid & controls secretion of ADH & other hypothalamic cells

-low osmolarity: decrease ADH secretion, leading to rise in water reabsorption

increased Na+ content will result in…

increase in extracellular fluid volume due to osmosis of water from inracellular space

increase in extracellular volume triggers increase in Na+ loss in urine due to:

*not bolded in manual

1. decrease in aldosterone secretion

2. increase in glomerular filtration rate

3. decrease in ADH secretion

4. increase in secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide