Exam 2 5-7 Chapters BIO 160

Vocabulary flashcards summarizing cellular respiration, photosynthesis, signal transduction, and cell cycle concepts from the lecture notes.

Exergonic

The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and P is:

NADH is oxidized because it loses electrons

what happens to Pyruvate + NADH + H → lactate + NADH

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Packet of energy

Glycolysis

First step in glucose catabolism occurring in the cytosol; produces ATP and NADH.

Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

Series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that generate NADH, FADH₂ and some ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

In cellular respiration in which step is the greatest quantity of ATP produced?

Fermentation

Which process occurs when oxygen is not available?

Lactic Acid

End-product of anaerobic fermentation in many animal cells.

Aerobic Respiration End Products

Carbon dioxide and water formed when oxygen is present.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Series of membrane proteins that create a proton gradient powering ATP synthase.

Protons move back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP

How does the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain contribute to ATP synthesis?

Phosphorylation

Formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

Pigment

A molecule that absorbs photons if visible light is:

Light; electrons

In the light of reactions of photosynthesis, Photosystem 1 and Photosystem ll function to absorb ___ energy and donate __ to proteins in electron transport chain:

Excites an electron in the molecule, raising it to a higher energy level

When a photon is absorbed by a molecule, the photon:

Oxygen Evolution in Photosynthesis

Molecular O₂ released from the splitting of water during the light reactions.

Cell-Surface Receptor

Plasma-membrane protein that binds hydrophilic signaling molecules that cannot cross the lipid bilayer.

Hormone

Chemical messenger released into the bloodstream that regulates distant target cells.

Ligand

First messenger molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate signal transduction.

Paracrine Signal

Chemical signal that acts on nearby cells with appropriate receptors.

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Membrane receptor that activates a G protein when a ligand binds.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

Membrane receptor that dimerizes and autophosphorylates upon ligand binding.

cAMP (Cyclic AMP)

Second messenger that mediates effects such as epinephrine-induced glycogen breakdown.

Enzyme-Linked Receptor

Activated receptor that has intrinsic enzyme activity, often a kinase.

Rapid Signal Transduction

Fast cellular response pathways causing immediate effects like ion channel opening or enzyme activation.

Target-Cell Specificity

Phenomenon where only cells with the correct receptor respond to a circulating hormone.

Mitosis

Eukaryotic cell division producing genetically identical diploid daughter cells; mechanism of asexual reproduction.

Haploid Cell

Cell containing one complete set of chromosomes (n), such as a gamete.

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction process in prokaryotes producing two identical cells.

Interphase

Portion of the cell cycle for growth, DNA replication, and preparation for division. G1, S, G2

Metaphase

Mitotic stage where chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate.

S Phase

Subphase of interphase in which DNA replication occurs.

Chromosome Number in Mitosis

Daughter cells retain the same chromosome number as the parent cell.

Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

Centromere

Chromosomal region where kinetochores form and spindle microtubules attach.

Gamete Chromosome Number

Half the diploid number; e.g., 20 chromosomes when somatic cells have 40.

Down Syndrome

Genetic disorder caused by nondisjunction leading to trisomy 21.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.

Adenylyl Cyclase

causes an enzyme that produces cAMP by ATP to produce cAMP, which activates kinase A

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from intermediate molecules in the glycolysis and citric acid cycle pathway is called:

Glycolysis

In all cells, glucose metabolism begins with:

Glycolysis; Pyruvate oxidation

Pyruvate is the end product of ___ while Acetyl-Coa is the end product of____:

Water

The O2 gas produced during photosynthesis is derived from:

Diploid

Two copies of each chromosome (exp Humans are diploid)

Mitosis 3 processes

1. growth, repair, is a sexual reproduction

2. 1 cell division producting 2 identical daughter cells

3. diploid cells

Meiosis 3 processes

1. producing eggs and sperm for sexual reproduction

2. 2 cell divisions producing 4 different daughter cells

3. haploid cells