AP EURO exam period 3

for ap euro end of year exam

P:3 U:1 The crystal palace at the great exhibition of 1851

queen victoria’s husband wanted to share britain’s IR with europe, so he created a place for everyone to come learn and share

P:3 U:1 Zollverein

the achievement of commercial unification without the aid of political unification in german states

P:3 U:1 Friedrich List’s national system

Political economy is about helping countries grow and work together fairly. protecting local businesses can help strong industries grow, but trade without limits is better for developing countries.

P:3 U:1 Bessemer process

pumping oxygen into melted iron to form steel

P:3 U:1 mass production

making things in factories as opposed to by hand

P:3 U:1 electricity

new was of power instead of coal burning

P:3 U:1 telegraph/telephones/radio

new inventions made during this time that sped up communications

P:3 U:1 steamship/railroad/automobiles

faster transportation and more connected countries

P:3 U:1 proletariot

workers/factory workers

P:3 U:1 bourgeoisie

middle class factory owners. in parliament

P:3 U:1 factory act of 1833

made working hours for children shorter and adds education

P:3 U:1 mines act of 1842

removes women and boys under 10 from workforce

P:3 U:1 ten hours act of 1847

made work day 10 hours

P:3 U:1 changes over time first ir → second ir

• tech: steam, coal, early factories → use oil, electricity, mass production

• Government involvement: laissez-faire, some factory acts → more involvement, working factory acts

• lower class: strive for collective power → got more power

• middle class: factory owners → powerful

• women: working → domestic sphere

• children: working long and dangerous jobs → better safety, shorter days, education

• working conditions: BAD → better

• living conditions: cramped, dirty, unsanitary → slightly better

P: 3 U:2 Conservatism

• aristocracy/landed gentry

• tradition, institutions, privileges

• mix with: romanticism

• fight with: liberalism, socialism, nationalism

P: 3 U:2 liberalism

• bourgeoisie

• liberty, progress, laissez-faire

• mix with: nationalism

• fight with: conservatism, romanticism, socialism

P: 3 U:2 romanticism

• artists, authorts, poets

• beauty, natury, nostalgia

• mix with: conservatism, nationalism

• fight with: conservatism

P: 3 U:2 nationalism

• everyone

• spirit, freedom, independence

• mix with: liberalism, romanticism

• fight with: conservatism

P: 3 U:2 socialism

• working class

• justice, equality, fairness, freedom

• mix with: …

• fight with: conservatism, liberalism

P: 3 U:2 utopian socialism vs marxist socialism

• utopian:

  • work within confines of capitalism, no choice but to put up with it

  • many form their own societies

• both:

  • moral values

    • perfection, harmony, hope, equality

  • dislike capitalism

• marxists:

  • want a violent revolution to overthrow capitalism

P: 3 U:2 feminism

• women (and some men)

• gender equality, natural rights

• mix with: liberalism, socialism

• fight with: conservatism

P: 3 U:2 utilitarianism

• bourgeoisie

• general well-being, good action

• mix with: liberalism

• fight: marxism

P: 3 U:2 chartism

• working class

• male suffrage, constitution

• mix with: nationalism, feminism

• fight with: conservatism, liberalism

P: 3 U:2 Anarchists

• working class

• self government, universal rebellion

• mix with: …

• fight with: everyone

P: 3 U:2 how did governments respond to the problems created by industrialization

• more laws, more police

• women’s rights

• improve sanitation

• education

• secret police

• gave more rights to working class

P: 3 U:2 anti-semitism

hatred of jews that exploded in europe during this time because of the dreyfus affair and the panama canal scandal

P: 3 U:2 dreyfus affair

ppl wrongfully accused a french jew of treason because french war plans got released to the germans, and they sent him off to an island. he was not guilty, and this was later proven, but the damage done to the reputation of jews was irreversable

P: 3 U:2 christian social party in germany

a conservative political party in germany

P: 3 U:2 karl lueger, mayor of vienna

mayor known for his anti-semitic views

P: 3 U:2 zionists

a movement to create a jewish homeland started after the dreyfus affair

P: 3 U:2 thodor herzl

founder of zionism

P: 3 U:2 sunday school movement

• educate the poor

• teach christian values

P: 3 U:2 temperance movement

• reduce alcohol intake

  • reduce poverty, crime, domestic abuse

P: 3 U:2 abolitionist movement

• get rid of slavery

P: 3 U:2 who were the deserving poor?

people that are disabled, veterans, children, elderly, or just people that tried but need extra help

P: 3 U:3 concert of europe

sought to maintain status quo/balance of power. ended by crimean war. after it ended, germany and italy united their countries

P: 3 U:3 greek war of independence

freed greeks from ottomans. russia, england, and france helped out. legitimized that a small ethnic minority can defeat and empire

P: 3 U:3 significance of the year 1848

year of revolutions

caused by:

• industrialization, population doubling, lack of food, isms, romanticism, repressive measures by conservatives, agricultural and financial crisis, working and middle class suffering

common themes:

• no coherent organized revolutions because of different revolution reasons including

  • reactions to causes

  • competing isms

  • diff ideas and goals

  • middle class backs out

P: 3 U:3 July revolution in France

workers group in paris rose up because they felt betrayed by the revolution. they wanted a redistribution of wealth. barricades in the streets. 10,000 parisians dead

P: 3 U:3 june days

workers protested and this led to a new constitution, monarch abdicates, and an elected president

P: 3 U:3 crimean war

ottoman empire is weakening, and russia wants a navy in the black sea. britain and france began to grow wary. war fought with ottomans, britain, and france against russia. treaty of paris ordered russia out but they didn’t have enough power to enact it. first modern war with trenches and machine guns. reveals russia is behind technologically. reveals all countries are unprepared for modern warfare.

P: 3 U:3 napoleon III

president louis napoleon declared a hereditary 2nd french empire and becomes napoleon III. creastes boulevards by removing allies to prevent barricades. falsely considered crimean war a great victory

P: 3 U:3 cavour

united italy through realpolitik and Garibaldi’s military

P: 3 U:3 realpolitik

a system of politics more focused on getting the job done > feelings

P: 3 U:3 Bismarck

blood and iron speech. he encouraged the unification of germany and was an aristocrat/Junker. made military alliances to protect germany

P: 3 U:3 Sandor Petofi

inspired hungarians to pick up arms against the austrians during the hungarian revolution. got defeated by austria (with help from russia). hungarian revolutionaries killed and hungarians were put under brutal martial law

P: 3 U:3 dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

empress sisi felt bad for hungarians and created the dual monarchy. this strengthened both countries

P: 3 U:3 alexander II

emperor of russia who helped moderate reforms, ended serfdom, but was assassinated

P: 3 U:3 nationalist tensions in the balkans

decline of ottoman empire led to new countries forming, but many weren’t officially recognized

P: 3 U:3 Congress of Berlin in 1878

recognized independence of certain Balkan countries, ignored others

P: 3 U:4 minié ball

• used by britain in the crimean war

• hollow bullet that expanded after it was fired

• go long distance accurately and quick reloads

• helped britain and france win was

P: 3 U:4 Breech-loading rifle

• british gave them to sepoys

• could load from behind

• dipped in animal fat b/c it was cheaper

• more accurate

• led to sepoy rebellion

P: 3 U:4 machine gun

• british in boer wars

• fired multiple bullets at once

• could break the enemy lines

P: 3 U:4 louis pasteur’s germ theory of disease

proved microorganisms cause disease. improved public health, medicine, and vacines

P: 3 U:4 Anesthesia and antiseptics

made pain-free surgery and reduced infections. transformed surgery and patient care

P: 3 U:4 public health projects

sewer improvement, vaccination, improved sanitation and hygiene. led to longer life spans

P: 3 U:4 Quinine

made from tree bark and used to treat malaria so ppl could go further into forests

P: 3 U:4 berlin conference (1884-5)

divided africa without african influence and led to imperialism in africa

P: 3 U:4 fashoda crisis (1898)

fight between britain and france to control the nile in sudan. british won and this strengthened their rule in Egypt

P: 3 U:4 moroccan crisis

france vs germany over morocco. france won both times and this led to tension

P: 3 U:4 indian congress party

• imposed by the british gov and helped educate and bring equality to indians

• this challenged the narrative that whites were superior and helped bring power to Indians

P: 3 U:4 Zulu resistance

• african tribes that challenged britain

• britain almost lost control of South Africa

  • put lots of laws to crush them

P: 3 U:4 India’s Sepoy Mutiny

• the indian soldiers revolted after constantly being ordered to break their caste rules

• this brought the british gov into india which led to reforms

P: 3 U:4 china’s boxer rebellion

• a patriotic uprising by the chinese against westerners

  • gets destroyed

• beginning of the end of the manchu dynasty

• us gets involved

P: 3 U:4 Japan’s Meiji restoration

• japan decided to modernize (unlike china) and became an imperial power

• a non white country was now an imperial and powerful force

P: 3 U:4 Pan-Germanic league

a nationalist group promoting german unity, militarism, and imperaialism

P: 3 U:4 J.A. hobson

critic of imperialism who demonstrated that imperialism was a direct result of capitalism

P: 3 U:4 George Orwell

wrote shooting an elephant which criticized imperialism

P: 3 U:5 romanticism

an art and intellectual movement that focused on emotions and feelings

P: 3 U:5 realism

focusing on what is really going on without being overcome/overshadowed by bias

P: 3 U:5 Positivism

the belief that knowledge comes from observable facts and science

P: 3 U:5 social darwinism

• survival of the fittest

• stronger thrive, weaker struggle

  • used by racists

P: 3 U:5 friedrich Nietzsche

critiqued tradition and religion. “God is dead” advocated for individual freedom and values

P: 3 U:5 sigmund freud

founder of psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious thoughts, dreams, and behaviors