Unit 4 Ap African Terms

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A. Philip Randolph and the threat to 1941 March on Washington

An African American labor leader who organized the 1941 March on Washington to protest racial discrimination in defense industries and advocate for civil rights. His threat to lead this march compelled President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in federal hiring.

Double V. Campaign

A civil rights campaign during World War II advocating for victory over fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

“soldiers without swords”

A term used to describe African American civil rights activists during World War II, emphasizing their non-violent struggle for equality and justice without traditional military weaponry.

Tuskegee Airmen

A group of African American military pilots who fought in World War II, known for their exemplary service and contribution to the war effort, breaking racial barriers in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Executive Order 9981

A directive issued by President Harry S. Truman in 1948 that abolished racial segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces, ensuring equal treatment and opportunity for all service members.

Negritude Movement

A cultural and literary movement developed by Francophone African intellectuals in the 1930s, promoting black identity and cultural heritage in response to colonialism.

Negrismo Movement

A literary and artistic movement in Latin America that emphasizes the cultural contributions of Afro-Latin American populations and aims to celebrate their heritage.

Colonialism

A practice where a country exerts control over a foreign territory, often establishing dominance through political, economic, and cultural means.

cultural appropriation

the adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without permission or understanding.

Thurgood Marshall and Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Thurgood Marshall was the lead attorney in this landmark Supreme Court case, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, playing a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement.

G.I. Bill, 1944

A law that provided various benefits to returning World War II veterans, including housing assistance, education funding, and low-interest loans. African Americans were often not provided these benefits.

Redlining

the practice of denying services, typically financial, to residents of certain areas based on racial or ethnic composition, contributing to systemic inequality in housing.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Legislation that aimed to eliminate discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, reinforcing the principles set forth in the Civil Rights Movement.

MLK Jr.

A civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent resistance against racial segregation and discrimination, known for his role in the American civil rights movement.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

A significant protest against racial segregation in public transportation, initiated by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This event sparked a year-long boycott of the city’s bus system, leading to a Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.

Little Rock Crisis (1957)

A conflict over school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas, where nine African American students, known as the "Little Rock Nine," faced violent opposition when trying to enter a previously all-white high school, prompting federal intervention.

Bloody Sunday March in Selma

A major event in the civil rights movement where peaceful protestors were violently confronted by law enforcement while marching for voting rights. This event heightened awareness of racial injustice and led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The "Big Six" leaders of the Civil Rights Movement-

A group of influential civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, Stokely Carmichael, and Whitney Young, who played pivotal roles in advocating for racial equality and justice in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s.

Sit in Movement (Greensboro NC)

A series of nonviolent protests against segregated lunch counters, where African American students sat at white-only areas and refused to leave as a form of peaceful resistance.

Freedom Rides

A series of bus trips taken by civil rights activists in 1961 to challenge segregation in interstate bus terminals across the South.

March on Washington (1963)

A massive civil rights rally held in Washington, D.C., where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, advocating for jobs and freedom.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

A group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas, in defiance of segregation laws, leading to a significant crisis that tested federal enforcement of desegregation.

Ella Baker

An influential civil rights activist and organizer who played a key role in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and helped establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Bayard Rustin

A prominent civil rights leader and strategist who organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. He was instrumental in advocating for nonviolent protest and played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement.

National Urban League

A civil rights organization founded in 1910 that focuses on economic empowerment and social justice for African Americans and urban residents. It works to eliminate racial discrimination and promote equal opportunities through advocacy and community programs.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

An organization founded in 1957 by civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., to coordinate nonviolent protests and advance civil rights initiatives across the southern United States.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

A civil rights organization established in 1960 that was instrumental in mobilizing young activists for nonviolent protests, voter registration drives, and grassroots organizing during the civil rights movement.

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

A civil rights organization founded in 1942 that played a key role in the civil rights movement, advocating for nonviolent activism and direct action to combat racial segregation and discrimination.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, ending segregation in schools and public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, ensuring federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discriminatory practices.

Fannie Lou Hamer

An American civil rights activist known for her work in voting rights and her role as a leader in the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, advocating for African American voter registration and participation.

Dorothy Height

Civil rights leader and activist who organized efforts for racial and gender equality, serving as president of the National Council of Negro Women.

Freedom Songs

Songs sung by civil rights activists to inspire and unify the movement during protests and gatherings, often conveying messages of hope, resilience, and resistance.

Year of Africa (1960)

A term that describes 1960, when 17 African nations gained independence from colonial rule, marking a significant turning point in African political history.

Black Consciousness

A movement focused on promoting racial pride and psychological empowerment among black South Africans, emphasizing the need for self-reliance and social change.

Black Pride

the belief in and promotion of the value and dignity of Black culture and identity, emphasizing self-respect and empowerment in response to historical oppression.

Black Arts Movement 1965-1975

A cultural movement that emerged in the 1960s, the Movement sought to define a black aesthetic, promote black literature, and highlight the experiences and struggles of African Americans through various forms of artistic expression.

Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam

he was a prominent civil rights leader and a key figure in the Nation of Islam, advocating for black empowerment, self-defense, and often critiquing mainstream civil rights strategies.

Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

A civil rights activist and influential leader in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), he popularized the term "Black Power" and emphasized self-determination and political activism for African Americans.

COINTELPRO

A secret FBI program initiated in the 1950s aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, and disrupting domestic political organizations deemed subversive, particularly targeting civil rights groups and leftist movements.

Black Panther Party (1966)

A revolutionary organization founded in 1966 to combat police brutality and advocate for the rights of African Americans, promoting community programs and self-defense.

Huey Newton

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, he was a prominent activist committed to civil rights and social justice, advocating for self-defense and community rights.

Bobby Seale

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party alongside Huey Newton, he played a key role in establishing the party's community programs and advocacy for civil rights.

Fred Hampton

A young and charismatic leader of the Black Panther Party in Chicago, known for his efforts in community organizing and promoting social justice initiatives before he was assassinated in 1969.

Assassination of Malcolm X

A pivotal event in civil rights history, he was assassinated on February 21, 1965, in New York City by members of the Nation of Islam, leading to a significant impact on the civil rights movement.

Assassination of MLK Jr.

The assassination of this man on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee, represented a profound tragedy in the civil rights movement, sparking widespread outrage and protests across the United States.

Assassination of Fred Hampton

this black panther party leader was assassinated on December 4, 1969, during a police raid on his Chicago apartment, marking a controversial moment in the struggle for civil rights and social justice.

Angela Davis

A prominent activist and scholar, she was a key figure in the Black Panther Party and became known for her involvement in civil rights, feminism, and prison reform.

Shirley Chisolm

The first African American woman elected to the United States Congress, she was a trailblazer in politics and an advocate for education, women's rights, and social justice.

Intersectionality and Black Feminism

the first term is a framework that examines how various identities, including race, gender, and class, intersect and contribute to experiences of oppression. the second term highlights the unique struggles of Black women and advocates for their rights within the larger feminist movement.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups, particularly in education and employment, by considering race, gender, and other factors in decision-making processes.

School Busing

a policy implemented to eliminate racial segregation in schools by transporting students to schools outside their neighborhoods.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission decisions but rejecting strict quotas.

Systemic racism

a form of racism embedded in the laws and regulations of a society, leading to discriminatory practices and disparities in access to resources and opportunities.

Evolution and influence of Hip Hop

A cultural movement that originated in the 1970s in the Bronx, New York, characterized by elements such as rap music, DJing, graffiti art, and breakdancing, which has profoundly impacted music, fashion, and social movements worldwide.

“War on Drugs”

A policy campaign initiated in the 1980s aimed at reducing illegal drug trade through law enforcement and punitive measures, often criticized for disproportionately impacting communities of color.

Black Incarceration

The disproportionate rates of imprisonment affecting Black individuals due to systemic inequities in the criminal justice system and the impact of policies like the "War on Drugs."

Black Middle Class rising while economic inequality continues

A social and economic shift where the Black middle class has increased, gaining access to greater educational and employment opportunities, yet still facing significant disparities in wealth and income compared to white counterparts.

Cont’d Police Brutality-
Rodney King and Latasha Harlins (#Say Her Name), Edward Garner, Michael Brown, George Floyd

a pattern of excessive force used by police against individuals, particularly affecting communities of color, leading to national outcry and calls for reform.

Hurricane Katrina

A devastating hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, leading to catastrophic flooding, loss of life, and widespread destruction, particularly impacting New Orleans and highlighting issues of race and poverty.

Election and Presidency of Barack Obama

The 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama, served from 2009 to 2017 and was the first African American to hold the office. His presidency marked a significant moment in American history, focusing on healthcare reform, economic recovery, and social justice.

Black Sports Figures protesting

the injustices faced by African Americans through activism and expressions of dissent, including actions during the national anthem and other public platforms.

Black Lives Matter

a social movement advocating against systemic racism and police violence toward Black individuals, emphasizing the need for racial justice and equity.