Evolution - AP Biology LTHS

AP Biology - LTHS - Made using Lopez's notes!

What is Evolution?

A change in genetic makeup of a population over time.

What happens to heritable traits from generation to generation?

They change.

What is Natural Selection?

A process where individuals that have certain traits tend to survive and reproduce better than individuals without that trait.

What is Selective Pressure?

A change in an enviornment.

What are heritable traits?

Characteristics that can be passed from parent to offspring.

What is Differential Survival?

Competition for limited resources.

What happens to traits that are favorable for survival?

They will accumulate in the population.

What is Artificial Selection?

The selective breeding of domesticated plants/animals to encourage desirable traits.

What molecules did early Earth contain?

Inorganic molecules.

Where did organic molecules come from/ how did they form?

They could’ve been created by due to free energy and abundant oxygen OR they could’ve been transported to earth by meteorites/ other celestial events.

What was the earliest genetic material?

RNA.

What are the Hardy Weinberg equations?

p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1

What does p² represent in the Hardy Weinberg equation?

The percentage of the homozygous dominant individuals.

What does q² represent in the Hardy Weinberg equation?

The percentage of the homozygous recessive individuals.

What does 2pq represent in the Hardy Weinberg equation?

The percentage of the heterozygous individuals.

What does q represent in the Hardy Weinberg equation?

The frequency of the recessive allele in a population.

What does p represent in the Hardy Weinberg equation?

The frequency of the dominant allele in a population.

What is Comparative Morphology?

Analysis of the structures of living and extinct organisms.

What is Homology?

Characteristics in related species that have similarities.

What is Convergent Evolution?

Similar adaptations that have evolved in distant related organisms due to similar environments.

Structural evidence indicates that all eukaryotes have what?

Common Ancestry.

What is Biogeography?

The distribution of animals and plants geographically.

What is Allopatric Speciation?

The geographic isolation of a species, a small population is separated from the main population.

What is Sympatric Speciation?

A new species evolves while still inhabiting the same geographic region as the ancestral species.

Why does Speciation occur?

Reproductive Isolation (Prezygotic barriers, Postzygotic barriers).

What is a Prezygotic barrier?

Barriers that prevent mating or hinder fertilization.

What are examples of Prezygotic barriers?

Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation.

What are Postzygotic barriers?

Barriers that prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult.

What are examples of Postzygotic barriers?

Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown.

What is Gradualism?

When evolution occurs slowly over hundreds to millions of years.

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

When evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis (long rest).

What is Divergent Evolution?

When groups with the same common ancestor evolve enough resulting in the formation of a new species.

What is Adaptive Radiation?

When a new habitat becomes available, causing species to diversify rapidly.

What is a Gene Pool?

A population’s genetic makeup.

What is a Microevolution?

Small scale genetic changes in a population.

MCQ:
-/-Pre and post zygotes reproductive isolation
-Know difference between them and examples of them
-/-know differences between temporal, behavioral, habitat, gametic, isolation
-/-speciation
-/-natural selection and artificial selection
-/-know difference between analogous, homologous, and the other one that rhymes with seagull
-/-bottleneck and founders effect
-/-analyze a phylogenetic tree
-/-is this a directional shift, stabilizing, disruptive
-what phenotypes
-/-apply hardy weinberg
(Equations given)
-/-Multiple choice cladogram or whatever she said
-/-miller experiment

FRQ:
-/-dependent and independent
Make a claim and justify based on given info
Analyze and whatnot
-post zygotic theory or pre and say why you think it’s that
-calculate using hardy weinberg
P and q given

kys

What are some causes of Evolution?

Genetic drift, Mutations, Gene flow, Natural selection.

What is Genetic Drift?

Chance events that cause a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.

What are the types of Genetic Drift?

The Bottleneck effect and the Founder effect.

What is the Bottleneck effect?

When a large population is drastically reduced by a non-selective disaster. (food, famine fire, etc… :( )

What is the Founder effect?

When a few individuals become isolated from a large population and establish a new small population with a gene pool that differs from the large population (a loss in genetic diversity.)

What is Gene Flow?

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to fertile individuals or gametes.

What are the three modes of Natural Selection?

Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection.

What is Directional Selection?

Selection towards one extreme phenotype.

What is Stabilizing Selection?

Selection towards the mean and against the extreme phenotypes.

What is Disruptive Selection?

Selection against the mean. Both phenotypic extremes have the highest relative fitness.