Lecture 4: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

What is anatomy?

study of body structure

What is physiology?

study of body function

The functional role of a part depends on what?

the way it was constructed

Why do we study anatomy/physiology?

• general curiosity

• dissatisfaction with supernatural explanations

• treat illness and injuries

• learn how the body works (normal vs abnormal)

• prevention/stay healthy

What is the order of life?

atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

What is the process of life?

1. movement

2. growth

3. reproduction

4. digestion

5. absorption

6. respiration

7. circulation

8. responsiveness

9. assimilation

10. excretion

the process of life traits constitute what?

metabolism

What is the sum of all chemical processes in the body?

metabolism

What are the environmental factors needed for life?

water, oxygen, pressure, food and heat

What is defined by maintaining a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis

How is homeostasis maintained? What are these ways?

• through two self-regulating control systems

• negative feedback and positive feedback loops

What is a negative feedback loop?

correcting an imbalance; moving back towards “normal”

What is the most common feedback loop?

negative feedback loop

Maintaining “normal” blood pressure, body temp, blood sugar levels is an example of what kind of feedback loop?

negative feedback loop

The following image is what kind of feedback loop?

negative feedback

What is a positive feedback loop?

moving away from a “normal” state; amplifies changes

Childbirth and stopping bleeding is an example of what kind of feedback loop?

positive feedback loop

The body is organized into two main segments, what are they (skeletal)?

1. Appendiular skeleton

2. Axial skeleton

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

upper and lower limbs

What does the axial skeleton include?

head, neck, trunk/chest

What are the two cavities within the axial skeleton?

1. dorsal cavities

2. ventral cavities

What is within the dorsal cavities?

• cranial cavity (brain)

• vertebral canal (spinal cord)

What is within the ventral cavities?

• thoracic cavity (lungs + heart)

• abdominopelvic cavity

What does the mediastinum do?

divides cavity into left and right

What does the diaphragm do?

muscle that separates thoracic and abdominopelvic

What is within the thoracic cavity?

• mediastinum

• diaphragm

Dorsal meaning?

to the back of the body

Ventral meaning?

front of body

What does this line represent?

diaphragm

Label 1 and 2.

1. ventral side

2. dorsal side

What are the 4 body cavities in the cephalic region (head)?

• oral cavity (mouth)

• nasal cavity (nose)

• orbital cavity (eye)

• middle ear cavity

What are the two main types of membranes?

1. visceral/serous membrane

2. parietal/mucous membrane

What is the function of the visceral/serous membrane? Where is it located?

• covers internal organs

• lays directly on top of organ

Where is the parietal/mucous membrane located?

attached to the wall of a cavity

What are examples of the two membranes in the lungs (pleura)?

• visceral pleura (directly on lungs)

• parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity)

Label figure 1.

visceral pleura

Label figure 2.

parietal pleura

What are all the body systems?

1. integumentary system

2. skeletal system

3. muscular system

4. nervous system

5. endocrine system

6. cardiovascular system

7. lymphatic and immune system

8. digestive system

9. respiratory system

10. urinary system

11. female and male reproduction system

Which system is responsible for body covering; protects, senses changes and regulates body temperature?

integumentary system

What is part of the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands

Which system is responsible for movement, support, protection, storage, blood cell production?

skeletal system

What is part of the skeletal system?

bones. ligaments and tendons

Which system is responsible for movement, support, heat?

muscular system

What is part of the muscular system?

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Tendons connect what?

muscle to bone

ligaments connect what?

bone to bone

Which system is responsible for sensory input, interprets & motor response; fast communication?

nervous system

What is part of the nervous sytem?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Which system is responsible for “slower” response to body activities with long term effects?

endocrine system

What is part of the endocrine system?

glands, hormones

Which system is responsible for transportation of O2, nutrients, water, heat, and waste (CO2)?

cardiovascular system

What is part of the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

Which system is responsible for immunity; removal of excess fluid?

lymphatic and immune system

What is part of the lymphatic and immune system?

WBC, lymph nodes, lymph fluid and lymph vessels

Which system is responsible for break down and absorption of nutrients; elimination of waste?

digestive system

What is part of the digestive system?

mouth, stomach, small and large intestine

Which system is responsible for gas exchange (O2 and CO2 diffusion)?

respiratory system

What is part of the respiratory system?

pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

Which system is responsible for filtration of blood and removal of fluid waste; regulation of water and electrolytes?

urinary system

What is part of the urinary system?

kidney, bladder, ureters, urethra

Which system is responsible for production of gametes and offspring?

females and males reproductive system

What is the only system that does not function for homeostasis?

female and male reproductive system

Describe the anatomical position.

body presented facing forward, with toes facing forward, the feet shoulder width apart, and palms facing forward

What part of the skeleton is shown in this image?

Appendicular skeleton

What part of the skeleton is shown in this image?

Axial skeleton