Lecture 4: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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63 Terms

1

What is anatomy?

study of body structure

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2

What is physiology?

study of body function

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3

The functional role of a part depends on what?

the way it was constructed

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4

Why do we study anatomy/physiology?

  • general curiosity

  • dissatisfaction with supernatural explanations

  • treat illness and injuries

  • learn how the body works (normal vs abnormal)

  • prevention/stay healthy

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5

What is the order of life?

atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

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6

What is the process of life?

  1. movement

  2. growth

  3. reproduction

  4. digestion

  5. absorption

  6. respiration

  7. circulation

  8. responsiveness

  9. assimilation

  10. excretion

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7

the process of life traits constitute what?

metabolism

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8

What is the sum of all chemical processes in the body?

metabolism

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9

What are the environmental factors needed for life?

water, oxygen, pressure, food and heat

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10

What is defined by maintaining a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis

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11

How is homeostasis maintained? What are they?

  • through two self-regulating control systems

  • negative feedback and positive feedback loops

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12

What is a negative feedback loop?

correcting an imbalance; moving back towards “normal”

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13

What is the most common feedback loop?

negative feedback loop

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14

Maintaining “normal” blood pressure, body temp, blood sugar levels is an example of what kind of feedback loop?

negative feedback loop

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15
<p>The following image is what kind of feedback loop?</p>

The following image is what kind of feedback loop?

negative feedback

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16

What is a positive feedback loop?

moving away from a “normal” state; amplifies changes

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17

Childbirth and stopping bleeding is an example of what kind of feedback loop?

positive feedback loop

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18

The body is organized into two main segments, what are they (skeletal)?

  1. Appendiular skeleton

  2. Axial skeleton

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19

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

upper and lower limbs

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20

What does the axial skeleton include?

head, neck, trunk/chest

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21

What are the two cavities within the axial skeleton?

  1. dorsal cavities

  2. ventral cavities

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22

What is within the dorsal cavities?

  • cranial cavity (brain)

  • vertebral canal (spinal cord)

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23

What is within the ventral cavities?

  • thoracic cavity (lungs + heart)

  • abdominopelvic cavity

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24

What does the mediastinum do?

divides cavity into left and right

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25

What does the diaphragm do?

muscle that separates thoracic and abdominopelvic

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26

What is within the thoracic cavity?

  • mediastinum

  • diaphragm

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27

Dorsal meaning?

to the back of the body

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28

Ventral meaning?

front of body

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29
<p>What does this line represent?</p>

What does this line represent?

diaphragm

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30
<p>Label 1 and 2.</p>

Label 1 and 2.

  1. ventral side

  2. dorsal side

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31

What are the 4 body cavities in the cephalic region (head)?

  • oral cavity (mouth)

  • nasal cavity (nose)

  • orbital cavity (eye)

  • middle ear cavity

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32

What are the two main types of membranes?

  1. visceral/serous membrane

  2. parietal/mucous membrane

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33

What is the function of the visceral/serous membrane? Where is it located?

  • covers internal organs

  • lays directly on top of organ

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34

Where is the parietal/mucous membrane located?

attached to the wall of a cavity

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35

What are examples of the two membranes in the lungs (pleura)?

  • visceral pleura (directly on lungs)

  • parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity)

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36
<p>Label figure 1.</p>

Label figure 1.

visceral pleura

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37
<p>Label figure 2. </p>

Label figure 2.

parietal pleura

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38

What are all the body systems?

  1. integumentary system

  2. skeletal system

  3. muscular system

  4. nervous system

  5. endocrine system

  6. cardiovascular system

  7. lymphatic and immune system

  8. digestive system

  9. respiratory system

  10. urinary system

  11. female and male reproduction system

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39

Which system is responsible for body covering; protects, senses changes and regulates body temperature?

integumentary system

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40

What is part of the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands

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41

Which system is responsible for movement, support, protection, storage, blood cell production?

skeletal system

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42

What is part of the skeletal system?

bones. ligaments and tendons

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43

Which system is responsible for movement, support, heat?

muscular system

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44

What is part of the muscular system?

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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45

Tendons connect what?

muscle to bone

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46

ligaments connect what?

bone to bone

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47

Which system is responsible for sensory input, interprets & motor response; fast communication?

nervous system

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48

What is part of the nervous sytem?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

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49

Which system is responsible for “slower” response to body activities with long term effects?

endocrine system

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50

What is part of the endocrine system?

glands, hormones

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51

Which system is responsible for transportation of O2, nutrients, water, heat, and waste (CO2)?

cardiovascular system

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52

What is part of the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

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53

Which system is responsible for immunity; removal of excess fluid?

lymphatic and immune system

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54

What is part of the lymphatic and immune system?

WBC, lymph nodes, lymph fluid and lymph vessels

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55

Which system is responsible for break down and absorption of nutrients; elimination of waste?

digestive system

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56

What is part of the digestive system?

mouth, stomach, small and large intestine

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57

Which system is responsible for gas exchange (O2 and CO2 diffusion)?

respiratory system

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58

What is part of the respiratory system?

pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

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59

Which system is responsible for filtration of blood and removal of fluid waste; regulation of water and electrolytes?

urinary system

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60

What is part of the urinary system?

kidney, bladder, ureters, urethra

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61

Which system is responsible for production of gametes and offspring?

females and males reproductive system

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62

What is the only system that does not function for homeostasis?

female and male reproductive system

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63

Describe the anatomical position.

body presented facing forward, with toes facing forward, the feet shoulder width apart, and palms facing forward

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