Bio semester test review

Test review

Biodiversity

The variety of life across the biosphere.

Hypothesis

An educated guess, formed and tested by using observations and data.

Metabolism

The chemical processes used to build up or break down materials.

Species

Similar organisms that are able to reproduce and interbreed belong to this specific group.

Evolution

Genetic changes in living things over time.

Theory

Can change when conflicting evidence is provided.

Dependent Variable

Experimental data in an experiment

From the poles to the equator

When looking at Earth, biodiversity generally increases in this general direction.

Ecosystem

Physical environment with different species that interact with each other as well as nonliving things.

Homeostasis

Organisms must rely on both negative feedback and behavior to maintain.

Molecular Genetics

Study and manipulation of DNA on a molecular level.

Improve human health

Indoor air pollutants lead to respiratory problems is an example of using biology in what way.

Reproduce

Individuals belonging to the same species are able to

Behaviors & Negative feedback

Allows organisms to maintain homeostasis

Electron

Found in the space surrounding nucleus of an atom

Positive (cation)

Tye of ion formed when an atom loses an electron

Product

When Hydrogen and Oxygen combine to form water, the water is the

Polar water molecules

Oxygen side is slightly negative and hydrogen side is slightly positive

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a reaction

Carbohydrates

Organic compound that is main source of energy for living things

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Three particles that make up an atom

Sharing Electrons

How a covalent bond is formed

Protons and Neutrons

What the nucleus is made of

Solvent

Sale is dissolved in water, water is the

Monosaccharide

Carbohydrate

Speed of Reaction

Enzymes effect the reactions of living cells by changing

Absorbs Energy

Reaction in one direction releases energy, the opposite direction

Activation Energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Compound

Physical and chemical properties are very different than those elements from which it was formed

Solution

Evenly distributed mixture of two or more substances

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Ionic bond

Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid, and Proteins

The four groups of organic compounds found in living things; called macromolecules

Ionic Compound

Valence electrons have been transferred to atoms of another element

Covalent Compound

Atoms of different elements share electrons

Organism

Individual living thing

Population

A group of the same species that live in one area

Community

A group of different species that live together in one area

Ecosystem

All of the living and nonliving things in an area

Biome

Region with a certain climate occupied by certain plants and animals

Ecology

Study of the interactions among living things and their environment

Biotic factors

Plants and Animals

Abiotic factors

Moisture and Temperature

Biodiversity

Variety of living things in an ecosystem; makes an ecosystem more stable

Keystone species

Organism that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem

Consumers/Heterotrophs

Organisms that get their energy from other organisms

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food- NOT producer

Sunlight

Where most producers get their energy from

Chemosynthesis

Process of using energy from chemicals to form carbohydrates

Trophic levels

Levels of nourishment in a food chain

Producer

Type of organism that forms the base of every food chain

Food web

Network of linked food chains

Primary consumer

The first consumer above the producer in a food chain

Secondary consumer

In a food chain, the consumer that eats an herbivore

Tertiary consumer

In a food chain, a consumer that eats a carnivore

Herbivore

Organism that eats only plants

Carnivore

Organism that eats only animals

Omnivore

Organism that eats both plants and animals

Detritivore

Organism that eats dead organic matter

Decomposer

Organism that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds

Precipitation

Rain or snow falling to Earth

Evaporation

Water vapor rising into the atmosphere

Transpiration

Water vapor released by plants rises into the atmosphere

Condensation

Water vapor in the atmosphere forms clouds

Photosynthesis

In the oxygen cycle, plants release oxygen as a waste product during this process

Nitrogen fixation

Conversion of gaseous nitrogen into ammonia by bacteria

Biogeochemical cycles

Movement of a particular element through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Biomass

Measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area

Energy pyramid

Compares the amount of energy available at each trophic level of an ecosystem

Pyramid of Numbers

Compares the number of organisms present in each trophic level of an ecosystem

Bacteria

Organism that helps convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia in the nitrogen cycle

Observation

Ecological method used when an ecologist counts weeds to monitor their populations.

Atmosphere

Layer of air surrounding the Earth

Geosphere

Includes the features on and below the Earth's surface

Climate

Based on a long-term pattern

Tropical Zone

Area surrounding the equator

Temperate Zone

Areas between Earth's equator and polar regions

Polar Zone

Areas near Earth's North and South Poles

Canopy

Uppermost layer of branches on a tree

Estuaries

Nurseries of the sea because many species use them as spawning grounds

Elevation

Causes communities on a mountain to differ

Hydrosphere

All of Earth's water, ice and water vapor

Biosphere

All living organisms on Earth and the land, air, and water in which organisms live

Coniferous Trees

Trees that contain cones, and keep their needles all year round

Deciduous Trees

Trees that drop their leaves during the cold season

Phytoplankton

Free-floating microscopic plants that live in water

Zooplankton

Free-floating animals that live in water

Estuary

Important source of fish for humans and often called nurseries of the sea

Wetlands

Have little water flowing through them

Tundra

Considered semi desert because there is generally little precipitation

Coral Reef

Would decline if global ocean temperatures increased slightly

Renewable Resources

resources that can replenish themselves over time

Greenhouse Effect

makes Earth warm and habitable

Atmospheric Gases

affect the global biosphere as they change

World population

projected to reach 10 billion people

Smog

made of sunlight and pollutants from fossil fuels

Normal rain

has a pH of 5.6

Tertiary consumers

most affected by biomagnification

Tropical rain forest

biome with the highest biodiversity

Umbrella species

can lead to the protection of many other species