Industrial & Applied Microbiology - prelims

Lesson 1 & 2 - History and Advances

Etudes sur le vin (1866)

Literature created by Pasteur regarding the research wine and its fermentation into vinegar.

Etudes sur la bierre (1876)

Literature created by Pasteur regarding the research of beer fermentation.

Emile Christian Hansen (1883)

Published an article that described his method for obtaining pure cultures of yeast.

Saccharomyces carisbergenesis

The old name of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Known as the very first pur estrain discovered and used in brewing.

monoclonal antibodies

Laboratory-produced molecules engineered to serve as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance, modify or mimic the immune system’s attack on cells that aren’t wanted, such as cancer cells.

Genetic engineering

also known as genetic modification.

Genetic engineering

a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism .

pure cultures

A technique that has revolutionized the fermentation industry.

Pure culture

a technique of transferring a small sample into new sterile growth medium

mixed cultures

a culture wherein a pure culture is derived from which contains many species

César Milstein & Georges J. F. Köhler

Scientists who developed and engineered monoclonal antibodies.

Alexander Fleming

Scientist who discovered the ability of Penicillin notatum to produce antibiotic properties

1928

year wherein Alexander Fleming was able to discover penicillin

Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

Spearheaded the purification of penicillin in the 1940s and also extended research on the chemical properties of penicillin

1942

Year wherein Ernst Chain and Howard Florey has purified penicillin called Penicillin G

Penicillin G

the purified penicillin that was developed in 1942

1945

year wherein penicillin was made available outside the allied military

Penicillin

The discovery of this substance was the start of the so called Antibiotic Era

1970s

year wherein Milstein and Kholer developed monoclonal antibodies

Fermentation

Now the most economical method for many products previously made by chemical processes

Louis Pasteur

Discovered the alcoholic fermentation in beer and wine caused by microbial activity.

1. Spoilage caused by microorganisms

2. Distinction between aerobic and anaerobic fermentation

3. Development of pasteurization in food and beverages

The 3 observation of Pasteur

Emile Christian Hansen

Works at Carlsberg Brewery, Denmark, mainly concerned with the ability of yeasts to convert carbohydrates to alcohol

Clostridium acetobutylicum

bacteria used by Weizmann for the acetone-butanol fermentation

Aspergillus niger

microorganism used in the industrial production of citric acid

Sewage Treatment

happened in the 20th century that was considered as an advancement that led to a better public health in urban areas

Genetic Engineering

a process that has revolutionized the industrial microbiology

Yeast

microbes that are used on alcoholic beverage production

Lactic acid bacteria

microbes that are used in cheese and yogurt production

Molds and Actinomycetes

microbes that are used on antibiotic production

James Watsons and Francis Crick (1953)

Scientists who were able to identify the structure of DNA (year included)

Prokaryotic microbes

thanks to this we were able to make advances with molecular tools

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

diagnostic technique that uses DNA polymerase enzymes of a thermophilic bacteria

Restriction Enzymes and Plasmids

molecular tools from microorganisms allowing scientist the insertion of genes from one organism to another

1. Insulin

2. Vaccines

3. Biodegradable Polymers

Synthesized products in industrial scale which involves the application of microbial genetic engineering

Biotechnology

science of using living organisms used for the benefit of humankind

Traditional Biotechnology

domestication of plants and animals through farming and breeding practices is a form of biotechnology

Contemporary Biotechnology

is primarily associated wth genetic engineering

Contemporary Biotechnology

biotechnology that involves directly altering an organism’s genetics to achieve desired traits

Recombinant DNA technology

used to manipulate DNA sequences in vitro which in return creates recombinant DNA molecules with new combinations of genetic material

Transgenic Organisms

name called to organisms that have received or was introduces with a different DNA from its species

Insulin

A product of a transgenic organism that was possible by genetic engineering with E. coli

Conjugation

Mating with other cells to transfer DNA

Transduction

virus mediated transfer of DNA

Transformation

uptake of DNA from the environment

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HTG)

mechanisms of prokaryotes involving the transfer of genetic material

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen

First demonstrated teh complete comlecular cloning process when they successfully cloned genes from the African clawed frog

African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)

The first organism which scientists were able to successfully clone its DNA

Escherichia coli

When the DNA of Xenopus laevis was clones which bacteria was chosen for it to be inserted using a plasmid

Molecular cloning

is a set of methods used to construct recombinant DNA and incorporate it into a host organism which makes use of a number of molecular tools derived from microorganisms

Recombinant DNA Technology

in this innovative technique DNA molecules are manipulated using enzymes derived from bacteria and viruses

Restriction enzymes

are bacterial enzymes capable of cutting and destroying foreign DNA

Stewart Linn and Werner Arber

discovered restriction enzymes in the 1960s while studying how E. coli limits bacteriophage replication

Restriction endonucleases

also known as restriction enzymes

Restriction Enzymes

Cuts DNA at specific sites known as recognition sites typical of palindromic sequence

Palindromic sequence

are typically 4-6 base pairs long and the same base sequence appears in both directions on complementary DNA strand

Sticky ends

are DNA fragments with overhangs that easily binds to complementary sequences

Blunt ends

have no overhangs and are less efficient at binding

Sticky End

DNA ligase

used to join the DNA fragments by forming covalent bonds between the sugar phosphate backbones creating a continous DNA strand

Paul Berg 1972

biochemist in Stanford which was first to create a recombinant DNA molecule by combining the SV40 monkey virus with the E. coli bacteriophage lambda which produces a hybrid.

Plasmids

are small, typically circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

Plasmids

commonly used as vectors—DNA molecules that carry genes from one organism to another

pUC19

commonly used plasmid vector

cloning foreign DNA

pUC19 is commonly used for this

polylinker site

is a short sequence with multiple unique restriction enzyme recognition

polylinker site

this makes the plasmid vector versatile for various cloning experiments with differnt restriction enzymes

Reporter Gene

located with the polylinker site

protein

the reporter gene encodes this that helps the easy visualization of DNA insertion

Blue-White Screening

a technique that allows the easy detection of a recombinant bacteria

disabled

When recombinant DNA is inserted, the lacZ gene is _________.

beta-galactosidase production

disabling lacZ prevents _____________

white colonies

No X-gal degradation occurs, results to …

White colonies

this colonies are selected which indicates the successful DNA insertion

Bacillus spp.

are naturally competent

Naturally Competent

This means the ability of a bacteria to take up foreign DAKOTA

Chemical Treatments

Neutralizes the charges on the cell membrane to increase permeability

Electroporation

Expose bacteria to an electric field that creates microscopic pores in the membrane

Blue colonies

contains a functional beta-galactosidase enzyme

White colonies

lack a functional beta-galactosidase enzyme

F plasmids

genes involved in the process of conjugation where genes are transferred between bacterial cells

Bacteriophages

can be used to trasfer recombiannt DNA into bacterial cells through transduction

Phagemids

are plasmids that contains phage sequence, allowing them to be packaged into bacteriophages

Phagemids

can be introduced into bacterial cells by infecting them with the recombinant bacteriophages

1913-1915

years of Weizmann’s study on acetone-butanol fermentation

1920s

years of the industrial scale production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger

1. Thinning

2. Dispersing

two types of techniques for the isolation of a pure culture