Physio Exam 1 FRQ Review

describe the anatomical and fluid compartments of the body. how do the lumens of hollow organs fit into these classifications? which fluid-containing cavities are considered to be internal and which are external? of those that are external, why are they external (give examples)?

anatomical compartments (three major cavities):

- cranial cavity

- thoracic cavity (pleural sac, pericardial sac)

- abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)

fluid compartments (three):

- extracellular fluid: lies outside of the cells, makes up 1/3

-> blood plasma- extracellular fluid inside blood vessels

-> interstitial fluid- surrounds most cells

- intracellular fluid: makes up 2/3

- lumen: inside space of a hollow organ, can be classified as either internal or external because of their continuity with the external environment

hollow organs:

- heart: internal

- lungs: external bc it is continuous with the outside world via the nose and mouth

- blood vessels: internal

- intestines: external bc continuous tube from mouth to anus, open to the outside environment

explain how the body can be in a state of osmotic equilibrium and chemical disequilibrium

osmotic equilibrium:

- occurs in response to solute concentration gradients

- means that the total concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the cell membrane

- this is due to the osmosis (the movement of water across the membrane)

chemical disequilibrium:

- means the specific solutes like ions or proteins are present in different concentrations in different compartments of the body

-> ex: sodium is more concentrated in the ECF

potassium is more concentrated in the ICF

provide an example of a control system. be sure to include the three main parts: an input signal, an integration center, and an output signal

stimulus: water temperature is below setpoint

sensor: thermometer senses tempt decrease

input signal: signal passes from sensor to control box through the wire

integrating center: control box is programmed to respond to be below 29 deg

output signal: signal passes through wire to heater

target: heater turns on

proteins are described as having different levels of structure. list and distinguish btwn the levels that produce a linear shape vs. a globular shape, and explain why one of those levels can result in either a linear or globular shape.

primary structure: sequence of amino acids, peptide bond

- linear shape bc it's still an initial stage, build is simpler

secondary structure: alpha helixes and beta sheets

- linear shape due to the form

tertiary structure: combination of secondary, three-dimensional shape

- globular shape bc the proteins have been built up and described

quaternary structure:

- globular shape since it's higher on the levels of structure, which means the proteins have reached complexity

how is the single-stranded mRNA that leaves the nucleus translated into proteins

gene - transcription (rRNA) - mRNa - translation (tRNA) - proteins

bonus: you mix one liter of 300 mOsM NaCl with two liters 450 mOsM glucose

a. what is the osmolarity of the new solution

b. what is the final osmolarity of the NaCl in the new solution

c. what is the final osmolarity of glucose in the new solution

d. what is the tonicity of this new solution compared to a red blood cell with 300 mOsM nonpenetrating solute

a. 750/3

b. 300/3

c. 450/3

d. hyposmotic