APHUG 5 vocab

Unit 5

Intensive Farming

-Large amount of labor and/or capital
-Small plots of land - land is scarce or expensive
-Usually located near areas with high population density
-Market Gardening, Plantation Agriculture, Mixed Crop & Livestock, Mediterranean

Extensive Farming

-Fewer inputs of labor and/or capital
-Large plots of land - land is plentiful, costs little
-Usually located away from major population centers
-Shifting Cultivation, Livestock Ranching, Nomadic Herding, Commercial Grain Farming

Shifting Cultivation

Climate: Tropical
Locations: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia
-Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

Pastoral Nomadism

Climate is Drylands
Locations; SW, Central and East Asia
-Types of livestock: cattle, goats, reindeer, yaks, camels, sheeps, horses
-Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit

Livestock Ranching

Climate: Drylands
Countries: Western North America, Southeastern South America, Central Asia, Southern Africa
-Cattle, Goats, Sheep
-Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter

Commercial Grain Farming

-Mid-latitudes too dry for mixed crop & livestock in US, Canada, Russia, Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, and China
-Main crop is wheat
-Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread.

Market Gardening

-Warm Mid-latitudes in Southeastern US & Australia and California
-Fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes

Plantation Agriculture

-Tropical climates in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, South & SE Asia
-Commodity & speciality crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts & cotton.
-A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.
-Intensive agriculture (reliant on cheap labor from former colonies)

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Climate: Cold and Warm (Mid-Latitude)
Locations: -Midwestern U.S. and Canada -Central Europe
-Corn, grains, & soybeans grown to feed to cattle & pigs
-Intensive agriculture (reliant on high amounts of capital & labor)
-Most money comes from the sale of livestock rather than crop outputs.

Mediterranean

Climate: Warm Mid-Latitude
Locations: Southern Coast of Europe, Northern coast of Africa, and Pacific coast of the United States
-Grapes, olives, dates, figs
-Intensive agriculture (land is scarce, hilly, labor intensive)
-Orchards are common, crops produced for the global market.

Dairy Farming

Climate: Cold and Warm Mid-Latitude
Locations: Northeast US, Southeast Canada, Northwest Europe
-Intensive Agriculture (cows need to be milked 2x a day; machinery)
-Dairy farmers typically sell their milk to wholesalers who later distribute it to retailers. Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home.

Metes and Bounds

In England, fields often had irregular shapes that reflected the location of physical features and traditional patterns of use
Irregular shaped plots of land (puzzle)

EX.France & Spain to N. America.Great Britain to N. America

Long Lot

farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

EX.Quebec and Louisiana

Township and Range

-Pioneered by Thomas Jefferson
-Rectangles and grid system
-Each is 6 miles x 6 miles
-Keep track of land sales and purchases, utilize a uniform survey method

Clustered

-Throughout European history, rural residents lived in groups of homes in close proximity to one another
-Farmland and pasture surround the settlement
-Share resources & community

EX:Metes and Bounds Survey Methods

Dispersed

-Major characteristic is that settlements are isolated and dispersed over the land area.
-US government promoted westward expansion by giving farmers land (usually 160 acres) if they agreed to live and farm on it.
-Reflective of individual values and ownership of land.

EX.Township & Range Survey Methods

Linear

-Settlement is organized along a LINE - typically associated with transportation system or physical feature like a river or coast

EX.Long Lot Survey Methods

First Agricultural Revolution

-origin of farming
-marked by domestication of plants and animals
-began in five centers, or hearths; SW Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Africa annd the Americas
-originated 12,000-10,000 years ago, in the Fertile Crescent
-diffused through Trade routes & the Columbian Exchange

Domestication

-The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands
-raised dogs and horses for protection, work, transportation or as a food source
-Vegetable planting, using parts of the stems or roots of existing plants to grow others

Fertile Crescent

-area extends from eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and continues in an arc along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf
(10,000 years ago)
AKA: The Bread Basket
Crops: Barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye
Animals: Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs

The Columbian Exchange

-global movement of plants and Animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
-many diseases were diffused
-The exchange of goods and ideas between North America, Africa, and Europe initiated by Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492.
-Resulted in the spread of plants, animals, and diseases between the "Old World" and the "New World."
-Contagious Diffusion

Second Agricultural Revolution

-began in 1700s, used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth
-involved the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation and changes to consumption patters of agricultural goods

Enclosure Movement

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers

Crop Rotation

-the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil
-Led to increased crop yields, experimentation with fertilization techniques

Green Revolution

-the advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century
-development of higher-yield, more disease-resistant, and faster growing varities of grain
-hybrid wheat, rice, and corn seedlings
s-Massive population growth occurring in the 20th century - mostly in developing regions of the world.
-Norman Borlaug - Researcher that traveled to Mexico to improve agricultural and biotechnological techniques in order to feed the growing population of the world.

Double Cropping

planting and harvesting a crop two (or three) times per year on the same piece of land

Gentically Modified Organism (GMO)

-plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species
-Corn, Canola, Soybeans, Sugarbeets, Zucchini
-developed to increase yields, resist diseases and withstand the chemicals used to kill weeeds and pests

Subsistence Farming

-Crops include rice, maize (corn) , millet and sorghum
-Farmers move from one field to another; aka slash-and-burn agriculture becausefarmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat.
-Little income from farming
Manual and animal labor, hand tools.
Lack of infrastructure to facilitate global trade.

EX.Rural Africa, parts of Asia and Latin America

Commercial Farming

-Crops and livestock are grown to sold on the global market. Purpose is to make a profit, not to sustain the farmer's family.
-Well developed infrastructure: Banking, transportation, and agricultural supply industries
-Core and Semi-Periphery Countries

Monocropping

-The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally
-Allows for specialization and maximizes efficiency, leads to higher yields
-Profitable for plantations and large corporate farms
-Can strip nutrients from the soil, decrease biodiversity or put small farmers out of business

Monoculture

one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land

Agribusiness

-farms run as corporations and the globalization of agriculture
-The large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution, financial funding and research of agricultural products and equipment

Economies of Scale

-Large scale farming is cost effective due to lower bulk prices for farming supplies and technologies
-Modern equipment, fertilizers, pesticides, GMO and hybrid seeds all contribute to higher yields.
-Bigger purchases due to bigger farms -> cheaper prices
-When production increases, the costs of production (inputs) decrease.
Results in less family owned farms

Commodity Chain

-a process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers
-Planting → Growing → Harvesting → Processing → Marketing
-Complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers

Bid-Rent Theory

-there is a distance-decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of the land, meaning closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is
-farmer willing to pay the highest price will gain possession of the land
-Farmers are able to purchase LESS land so farming is typically INTENSIVE in order to earn a profit

Von Thunen Model

-an economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods
-Distance from the market impacts the cost of transportation and land
-Transportation costs are proportional to the distance from the market
-The perishability of the product and transportation costs to the market factor into a farmer's decisions regarding agricultural practices.

Isotropic Plane

-flat and featureless with similar fertility and climate throughout
-All land is flat and the physical environment is the same everywhere

Supply Chains

-all the steps required to get a product or service to customers

EX.Seeds grown in UK, sent to Ghana to grow crop, manufacturing in China, sent to US market to be sold

Luxury Crops

-are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin
-Cocoa-beans are grown on large plantations commonly controlled by transnational companies

EX.bananas, coffee, tea, pineapples, cacao beans

Fair Trade Movement

-Effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices
-To reduce poverty for farmers and workers in the periphery

Subsidies

-public financial support
-Goverments pay farmers to safeguard food production
-designed to achieve national food security, increment of exports and reduced food costs

EX.rice in Japan, wheat and corn in US and soybeans in China

Slash-and-burn Agriculture

-an early agricultural practice and type of shifiting cultivation that takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in a place
-can cause soil erosion
-Cutting and burning forests in order to create fields for cultivation; Ash from burning provides nutrients and fertilizes crops
-Results in deforestation and soil erosion

Terrace Farming

-amount of arable land increases in areas with steep hillsides, land collects rainfall that sustains the crops, rather than allowing to run dwon a sloped hillside, reduction in water running down the hillside limits soil erosion
-creates flat surface over steeply graded hillsides

Irrigation

-process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human-made devices, rather than to rely on just rainfall
-can turn deserts and semi-arid regions into productive farmland

EX.Reservoirs and aquifers

Draining Wetlands

-Land Drained & converted to arable, farmland
-Results in loss of biodiversity and other environmental issues
-Loss of habitat for fish, waterfowl, and mammals.
-Increases storm and flood damage

EX.In the Netherlands the creation of dikes (A dike is a barrier used to regulate or hold back water) and polders (the term used to describe any piece of land reclaimed from water). Once dikes were built, canals and pumps were used to drain the land and to keep it dry.

Soil Salinization

-The process by which salts build up in the soil when water evaporates from the ground more rapidly than it is replenished
-Rapidly increasing as more land comes under irrigation and wetlands are drained

EX.The Aral Sea in Central Asia

Defortestation

-has occurred throughout human history as a common solution to the need for additional farmland
-can result in soil erosion, decreased rainfall, warmer temperatures, and desertification and cause devastating global environmental damage
Rising demand for has led to the conversion of forests: Logging Industry, Slash and burn subsistence farming, Cattle Grazing, Commercial Agriculture - Palm Oil

EX.occurs mostly in Southeast Asia, parts of Africa and the rainforests of South America.Northern and central Europe

Desertification

-caused by the removal of forests or overgrazing livestock, which can allow for increased wind erosion and result in the loss of the topsoil
-Alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas cause fertile land to become infertile

Aquaculture

-the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water

EX. variation of Hydroponics, referred to as the Blue Revolution, Fish farms

Urban Farming

-the production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food
-allow consumers to enjoy fresh products

Organic Farming

-farming of crops that are non-GMO, produced without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers and use sustainable growing practices
-Ranchers can't administer antibiotics or hormones to the animals
-more labor-intensive than other farming as it requires more land and is expensive
-Prioritizes environmental sustainability
Prohibits pesticides, antibiotics, fertilizers, GMOs, & growth hormones

Community Supported Agriculture

Members of a community buy "shares" of a farm's harvest in advance
Receive portion of crops they've harvested

Value-added Crops

-consumers are willing to pay more because of special qualities or because they are difficult to acquire
-occurs when farmers process their crops into high-value products, rather than simply selling it as it comes from the field

EX.Organically grown crops and meats, Rare subtropical plants, such as passion fruit, cherimoya, longan, and star fruit, grass-fed beef and free-range chickens and eggs

Local-farm Movement

-supports local farmers and reduces the use of fossil. fuel used to transport products
-seeking out food or produce from farms nearby

Vertical Farms

Grow crops inside in stackable trays, using greenhouses, artificial lights, and hydroponics

Hydroponics

-allow crops to grow without soil using mineral-enriched solutions
-use less water and less land since trays can be stacked vertically
-is an agricultural method where crops are grown in water rather than soil

Food Insecurity

-when households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources
-Impacts impoverished individuals all over the world
-Lack of certainty regarding where your next meal will come from

EX. over 50 million or 14% of the US population suffers from this, ⅛ of the world experiences

Food Desert

-A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food
-Area has low income and high poverty
-usually home to racial and ethnic minorities or large percentages of elderly or disable people

EX.an urban area with 33 percent of the population located more than 1 mile from a grocery store, or more than 10 miles away in a rural area

Gender Inequality

the unequal opportunities, treatment, or rights of a person based on gender

Gender-specific Obstacles

-discriminatory practices that prevent female farmers from reaching their potential productivity
-Denied access to finance and capital, training and education, property ownership, political power, mobility

Crop Gap

-Gap of 20 to 30 percent between male- and female-run farms
-female-run farms are much less productive because of gender-specific obstacles