cell stucture and functions

representative cell

an example of the most common organelles and structures of around 200 types of cells

3 major parts of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

the cytoplasm has three parts

organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol

plasma membrane

outer cell barrier that separates the 'INSIDE' of the cell from the 'OUTSIDE' of the cell; has a phospholipid bilayer

extensions of the plasma membrane

cilia, flagella, microvilli, pseudopods

microvilli

fingerlike projections that increase the cell's surface area for increased absorption of water and nutrients

cilia

larger 'fingerlike' projections on the apical surface of some cells. some don't move while most are motile and beat back and forth to move substances across their surface

apical surface

an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

pseudopods

temporary extensions of the plasma membrane; they change constantly

nucleus

houses DNA and produces ribosomal subunits

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

nuclear pores

structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the (46) chromosomes (in the human body)

organelles (ex: nucleus, cytosol)

'tiny organs' of the cell

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Mitochondria (mitochondrion is the plural form)

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes; synthesizes protein

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones, as well as the detoxification and storage of drugs and toxins

bound (fixed) ribosomes)

attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope; make proteins for plasma membrane or destined to be exported out of cell

free ribosomes

ribosomes suspended in the cytosol; make proteins for use within the cell

golgi apparatus (complex)

a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Proteasomes

degrades unwanted protein by tagging, unfolding, and degrading into small peptides or individual amino acids

centrosome

a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division

centrioles (singular version of centrosome)

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

intermediate filaments

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

microtubules (yellow figure in the picture)

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

double helix

Shape of DNA

adenine and thymine

always pair

guanine and cytosine

always pair

nucleotides of dna

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

RNA nucleotides

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

Deoxyribose sugar

sugar used in DNA to make up the "backbone"

phosphate group

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (makes up nucleic acids, it provides energy for moving our muscles)

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through until it divides

Mitosis

division of the nuclear material

4 phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

interphase

the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell

prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase

phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

dna replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

Interphase cycle

g1 (growth), s phase (DNA replication and growth), g2 phase (growth)