the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies
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Naturalistic Observation
research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering
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Case Study
research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants
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Survey
research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
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Longitudinal Study
research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development
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Cross-Sectional Study
research method in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
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Correlation
the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
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Hypothesis
an educated guess about the relationship between two variables
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Variable
any factor that is capable of change
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Experimental Group
the group to which an independent variable is applied
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Control Group
the group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the independent variable) is not applied
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
a situation in which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the participant’s behavior
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Single-Blind Experiment
an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment
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Double-Blind Experiment
an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment
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Placebo Effect
a change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than the actual treatment
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Statistics
the branch of mathematics concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data
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Descriptive Distribution
the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way
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Frequency Distribution
an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs
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Normal Curve
a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normal distribution
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Central Tendency
a number that describes something about the “average” score of a distribution
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Variance
a measure of difference, or spread
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Standard Deviation
a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
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Correlation Coefficient
describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
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Inferential Statistics
numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance
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