Vet tech pre-midterm 1

Signalment

Sex, Species, Breed, Production Status, Age

Presenting complaint

Reason why we are seeing that animal

History

Background info

History Examples

• intact/fixed

• pre-existing condition

• behavioral issues

• lifestyle

• medications

• past medical history

Physical Examination: Vital signs

• Heart rate

• Temperature

• CRT

• Respiration

• Mucus Membranes

• Blood Pressure

• Body weight

Heart Rate Measured

Bpm - listen for 15 sec then mult. by 4 = 60 sec

What is CRT

Capillary refill time : gums, vulva, prepuce <2sec

What is respiration

breaths per minute

What are we looking for in the mucus membranes

Color and moisture (conjunctiva)

Conjunctiva

Thin membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid

More parts of the physical Examination consist of what

• skin/haircoat

• gut sounds

• Rumen contractions

• musculoskeletal system

• discharge

• neurologic exams

• distention/abdominal contour

• behavior and visual assessment

• dental/oral

• repro.

• urinary tract

What are we looking fro in the Musculoskeletal System?

• Lameness/sound

• Muscle tremors

• Muscle Fasciculations

• Muscle Atrophy/ joints —> ROM effusion

Borborygmi

Sounds of the gut

epiphora

excess tears/watery eyes

How and where do we check for hydration status

• Skin turgor/skin pinch test

• between shoulder blades -small animals

• Neck/point of shoulder-equine

• Upper eyelid-rumminants

Other indicators of Hydration

Mucus membrane moisture

urine color and volume

moisture on the nose

PCV/TP (packed cell vol. / total protein)

eye position (sunken eyes)

What is the First statement about an animal’s status?

Signalment

What else are we looking for in the heart besides the bpm?

• pulse and auscults (murmurs , arrhythmias)

What is the % hydration status , when animals begin to show signs of dehydration

equal to or >5%

Where do you check for hydration status

Small animals: between the shoulders

Equine: Neck/point of shoulder

Ruminants: upper eyelids

What are some other indications of dehdration

• mucus membrane

• urine color/volume

• moisture on nose

• PCV/TP: packed cell volume

• sunken eyes

Where is the Saphenous Vein for Dogs and Cats

Dogs: Lateral (outside) hind limb

Cats” Medial (inner) hind limb

Where is the Cephalic vein

On the forelimb

OU

both eyes

OD

Right eye

OS

left eye

AU

Both ears

AD

right ear

AS

left ear

Blepharospasm

Squinting

Melanosis

Pigmentation

Monocytopenia

low monocyte coutn

What elements comprise the blood

Cells + plasma

What is in Plasma

• proteins

• electrolytes

• gases

• enzymes

• hormones

• ions

Hematopoiesis

Process by which blood cells are formed in the bdoy

What is in a hematocrit tube

Plasma, Buffy coat, packed red blood cells, wax plug

Hemogram

• measures RBC, WBC,Thrombocytes

• determines total protein

Fibrinogen

• an inflammatory protein

Erythrocytes - RBC

Biconcave disks

made in the bone marrow

What happens to damaged RBC

• they are broken down and removed from the bloodstream

• happens in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

What do Erythrocytes do?

They deliver oxygen- tiny bomb of oxygen

and haul off waste CO2

part of capillary blood flow

What is the FAMCHA score

• scores severity of Anemia on scale of 1-5

What are the 5 types of Leukocytes / WBC

• Granulocytes

  • Neutrophils

  • eosinophils

  • basophils

• Agranulocytes

  • Monocytes

    • macrophages

  • lymphocytes

What is it called when WBC counts are higher

Leukocytosis

What is it called when WBC counts are lower

Leukopenia

Neutrophils

• A granulocytes

  • lobulated+highly segmented

  • First defenders of immune system

  • highly motile

  • equipped with an armory

  • also known as Polymorphonuclear cells

    • they moved based on chemical gradients: Chemotaxis

Neutrophiles

• Granulocyte

  • Bands=immature neutrophils

    • seen when body experiences overwhelming inflammatory signals and bone marrow cant keep up —> infection

  • Left shift

How do Neutrophils kill microbes

• Oxidative/Respiratory burst

  • cytoplasmic granules fuse with the phagosome and discharge lethal components into direct contact with offending microbe

How do Neutrophils circulate

• only briefly- and may remain in circulation only for hours before migrating into tissues

How do cells leave the vascular space

Diapedesis

Do neutrophil granules destroy hot tissue

Yes

What is an accumulation of Neutrophils

• suppurative exudate/purulent discharge

  • pus

Eosinophils

• granulocyte

  • Bilobed nucleus

  • cytoplasmic granules-red/pink

  • Granule contents are active chemicals

  • they increase in response to allergic conditions and parasites

How do Eosinophils kill

they kill by exocytosing granules, the granule contents are introduced into the tissue

What does high number of eosinophils mean

• seen with parasitism and allergy

• plus some neoplastic diseases

eosinophils are seen with

worms

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

• meningeal worm

  • causes brain and spinal cord lesions

    • llamas, moose, and reindeer

Eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats

• caused by hypersensitivity reactions to drugs, food allergies, fleas,and genetic predisposition

Basophils

• Blue

• numbers increase in response to SOME allergic reactions

• numbers ten to be low in normal animals

Basophils and mast cells

• Circulation=basophils

• Tissues=mast cells

• both sited at portals of entry to contian invaders

• they dscharge granules that contian histamine and heparin

• both important in allergic reacitons

Histamine

dilates blood vessels

Heparin

Prevents blood clotting

Are monocytes phagocytes

yes

What do Monocytes do

secrete Cytokines

amp up immune response

Cytokines

• lead to feelings of illness, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, chills

immune responses

amplify a local response into a body wide systemic response

What do monocytes turn into when they enter tissues

Macrophages

Where are Macrophages located

• Lungs

• Liver

• Peritoneal cavity

• Synovium

• connective tissues

macrophages in the lungs

• alveolar and interstitial macrophages

Macrophages in the liver

line liver sinusoids-Kupffer cells

T/F Monocytes are responsible for destryoing senescent RBS

True

Are lymphocytes Granulocytes

NO

What are Lymphocytes apart of in terms of the immune system

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

What must Lymphocytes do, unlike neutrophils

• recognize antigens

  • cell-mediated responses

  • antibody-mediated responses

What antigen classes do Lymphocytes attack

T cells

B cells

Natural killer cells

T cells

• T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T regulatory cells

Vaccine

preparation of weakened/killed pathogen (bacteria/virus) or a portion of a pathogen’s structure that stimulates antibody production against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection

Antigen

Substance that stimulates the immune system and causes antibody production

Antibody

A protection protein produced by the body in response to a disease causing organism or vaccine

Adjuvant

Immunological agent that enhances the immune response to a vaccine

Type of Vaccine: Killed/Inactive

• use of killed version of antigen that causes disease

  • cant cause disease

  • provides immunity weaker than live vax

Type of Vaccine: Modified-Live/attenuated

• use of weakened form of antigen that causes a disease

  • create strong and long-lasting immune response

  • can cause mild disease

Type of Vaccine: Recombinant

• made by identifying key antigens, removing/splicing genes from the pathogens that code then recombine

  • adjuvant free—> does not enhance immune system

Type of Vaccine: Toxoid

• use of toxin made by germ that causes disease

  • creates immunity to parts of the germ that cause disease instead of germ instead

    • allows immune response to be target to the toxin

Example of killed/inactive vaccine

Rabies

Example of Modified-live (MLV)/Attenuated

DAPP, DHLPP, FVRCP

Example of Recombinant vaccine

Purevax vaccines: Feline rabies, Feline leukemia

Example of Toxoid vaccine

Rattlesnake vax, Tetanus vax (large animals)

What are Core vaccines

vaccines that should be given to all animals of a particular species

What determines Core vaccines

• risk of exposure

• severity of disease

• transmissibility

Examples of Core vaccines

K9: canine parvovirus, distemper, adenocirus (hepatitis), rbaies

Fel: herpes (rhinotracheitis), calicvirus, panleukopenia, rabies

What are Non-core vaccines

Vaccines that should be given to specific animals that have a lifestyle that puts them at risk for a particular disease

What are examples of Non-core Vaccines

K9: leptospirosis, rattlesnake, lyme, influenza, bordetella

Fel: leukemia, chlamydia, bordetella, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

What vaccines are Subcutaneous

Rabies, DHPP,Lepto, influenza

What vaccines are intranasal

Bordetella

What vaccines are Oral

bordetella

For SQ what vaccines are given in the left front

K9: lepto (if not given in combo with DHPP)

For SQ what vaccines are given in the Right front

K9: DHPP/DHLPP

Fel: FVRCP

For SQ what vaccines are given in the left Rear

K9: rattlesnake —→ deep SQ w/ 20G needle and alternate side for booster

Fel: Leukemia (distal to the left stifle)

For SQ what vaccines are given in the Right rear

K9/Fel: rabies RRR