AP Psych 1.1 - 1.3 Quiz Review(Main Terms)

Introspection

Someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively possible

Structuralism

Contents of mental processes rather than function

Adaptation

Trait of an organism used for survival and reproduction(survival of fittest)

Functionalism

How mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.

Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences

Gestalt Psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner and Behaviorism

observing and controlling behavior... conditioned reflex.

Skinner Box

chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator like a button(positive reinforcement/punishment)

Humanism

Emphasizes potential for good that all humans have

(Maslow and Carl Rogers)

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

self-actualization

Process to achieve full potential

Cognitive Revolution

Redirected attention to the individual human as a whole. Cognitive Psychology. Established Communication lines between European Psychologists and American counterparts(cog sci major)

Multicultural psychologists

develop theories with diverse populations(within one country)

Cross-cultural psychologists

Populations across countries(U.S. vs. China)

George I. Sanchez

langauge and cultural barriers in testing were keeping children from equal opportunities

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)

Mary Whiton Calkins

American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association

Problem with Studying in Cultural Psychology

Some populations were overstudied --> research is over-saturated --> wrong princples are being applied to other things.

Carl Rogers Approach

Client-centered therapy dealing with issues(psychotherapy)... Patient takes a lead role in their own therapy.

Behaviorism

observing and controlling behavior

Empirical Method

based on observation, not theoretical

Psychology

Study of mind and behavior

APA(American Psychological Association)

Professional organization repping psychologists in the US

G. Stanley Hall

First President of the APA

APS(Association for Psychological Science)

Advances the scientific orientation of psychology

Biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Issue with Humans and Darwin

demonstrating selection is VERY difficult in humans

Cognitive Psychology

focuses on studying cogntions/thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and actions

Developmental Psych

study of development across lifespan --> physical maturation.

Object Permanence

Understanding that the physical things continue to exist, even if they are hidden from us

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting and how that makes us unique

Personality traits

enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior

Big Five Model

personality trait model that includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

industrial-organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

health psychology

Health is affected by the biopsychosocial model

Sports and Exercise Psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

Forensic Psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

Voluntarism

Free will and should know the intentions of a psychological introspection

Wertheirmer Koffka Kohler

escaped nazi germany and fled --> studying psychology elsewhere

conditioned reflex(Pavlov)

proved unconscious response to a stimulation and conditioned to produce a similar response to a different stimulus associated with the original stimulus

Watson

American Psychologist who focused on observing behavior

Assumptions and Evidence Genetic Basis

if a behavior is genetically caused, expect it Across Cultures