NNU A&P 2 exam 6 (urinary)

The actions of the kidney include regulation of...
a. red blood cells
b. blood plasma pH
c. electrolyte concentration
d. all of these
e. none of these

d. all of these

What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
a. pyramids
b. urethras
c. calyces
d. all of these
e. none of these

e. none of these

The renal pelvis receives urine directly from the __________.
a. minor calyces
b. ureters
c. renal pyramids
d. major calyces
e. none of these

d. major calyces

The process of urination is also called....
a. deglutinition
b. excretion
c. glomerular filtration
d. all of these
e. none of these

e. none of these

The _________ is the functional unit of the kidney.
a. calyx
b. urethra
c. neuron
d. nephron
e. loop of Henle

d. nephron

The _________ is a capillary network (ball) from which filtrate is produced that enters the urinary tubules.
a. vasa recta
b. peritubular capillary
c. renal capillary
d. all of these
e. none of these

e. none of these

Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?
a. Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule
b. Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
c. proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
d. loop of Henle, Bowman' s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

What is the order of structures/layers that filtrate must pass through to enter the glomerular capsule?
a. capillary fenestrae, parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, glomerular basement membrane
b. capillary fenestrae, glomerular basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium
c. glomerular basement membrane, capillary fenestrae, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium
d. podocytes of glomerular epithelium, glomerular basement membrane, capillary fenestrae

b. capillary fenestrae, glomerular basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium

The average glomerular filtration rate (NOT urination rate) is equal to...

a. 1.8 L/day

b. 1.8 L/minute

c. 100 mmHg/hour

d. 8 ml/hour

e. none of these

e. none of these

Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause...
a. constriction of afferent arterioles.
b. decreased GFR.
c. decreased urine production.
d. all of these
e. none of these

d. all of these

Hypertension would induce __________ of afferent arterioles as part of the myogenic response of autoregulation to equilibrate blood pressure in the glomerulus while minimally affecting GFR.

a. constriction

b. dilation

c. no change

a. constriction

Which of the following would result in the amount of glomerular filtrate being decreased?

a. decreased glomerular capillary pressure

b. decreased capsular pressure

c. decreased plasma protein concentration

d. all of these

e. none of these

e. none of these

The process of actively transporting molecules from the blood to the tubule lumen (into filtrate) is called...
a. reabsorption
b. secretion
c. filtration
d. autoregulation
e. none of these

b. secretion

What creates a Na+ concentration gradient in the proximal tubule?
a. Na+/K+ pump
b. Na+/H+ pump
c. osmosis of water
d. diffusion of Cl-
e. none of these

a. Na+/K+ pump

The ___________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
a. ascending
b. descending
c. both limbs
d. neither
e. none of these

a. ascending

The majority of reabsorption occurs in the...
a. Bowman's capsule
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. loop of Henle
d. proximal convoluted tubule
e. none of these

d. proximal convoluted tubule

The reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule creates concentration gradient for the co-transport of?
a. amino acid
b. glucose
c. Cl-
d. all of these
e. none of these

d. all of these

The tubular filtrate osmolarity _________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains unchanged

b. decreases

_________ is a non-salt molecule that is a major contributor to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.
a. Urea
b. Protein
c. Glucose
d. Calcium chloride
e. none of these

a. Urea

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the urination reflex?

a. stretch receptors respond to filling resulting in action potentials traveling to the sacral spinal cord.

b. efferent neurons from the sacral spinal cord cause contraction of bladder smooth muscle tissue.

c. efferent neurons from the sacral spinal cord cause relaxation of the internal sphincter.

d. all of these are true

e. none of these are true

d. all of these are true

The movement of molecules and ions into the peritubular capillaries from the interstitial fluid is crucial in accomplishing ____________ in the nephron.
a. secretion
b. reabsorption
c. micturition
d. filtration
e. none of these

b. reabsorption

Due to the action of aldosterone, water is reabsorbed because....
a. sodium is excreted in the urine
b. potassium is reabsorbed into peritubular blood
c. sodium is reabsorbed into peritubular blood
d. aldosterone opens aquapores (aquaporins)

c. sodium is reabsorbed into peritubular blood

The conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II occurs primarily in the...
a. brain.
b. bones.
c. skeletal muscles.
d. lungs.
e. none of these

d. lungs.

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra
a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
c. 2, 4, 5, 3, 1
d. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
e. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

b. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the...
a. hilum
b. perirenal fat
c. renal cortex
d. all of these
e. none of these

b. perirenal fat

Cortical tissue and vessels occur between the pyramids in structures/regions called the...
a. calyx tissue
b. renal papillae
c. renal columns
d. medullary rays
e. renal corpuscles

c. renal columns

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the....
a. hilum
b. renal fascia
c. renal pelvis
d. renal capsule
e. renal pyramid

a. hilum

What type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule?
a. simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
d. simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia

a. simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the...
a. trigone
b. lamina propria
c. external urinary sphincter
d. internal urinary sphincter
e. none of the above

c. external urinary sphincter

The part/portion of the blood that is capable of passing through the glomerular membrane is the...
a. renal fraction
b. filtration fraction
c. cardiac fraction
d. glomerular flow rate
e. none of these

b. filtration fraction

Plasma contains a much greater concentration of __________ than the glomerular filtrate.
a. urea
b. water
c. protein
d. sodium ions
e. glucose

c. protein

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding pH regulation in the body?

a. Products of metabolism are a source of acids in the body.

b. Blood leaving the kidneys has a slightly greater alkalinity than systemic blood.

c. Kidneys facilitate the formation of acid, only to subsequently secrete protons.

d. all of these

e. none of these

d. all of these

The movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by...
a. filtration pressure
b. blood pressure
c. glomerular capillary pressure
d. osmotic pressure of the glomerular blood
e. none of these

d. osmotic pressure of the glomerular blood

Which of the following events would increase net filtration pressure?
a. increase in capsular pressure
b. constriction of the renal artery
c.increase in colloid osmotic pressure
d. decrease in renal blood flow
e. constriction of the efferent arteriole

e. constriction of the efferent arteriole

Arrange the following in correct order. (1) cotransport molecule binds to sodium and glucose, (2) establish sodium concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen, (3) sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell, (4) active transport of sodium from tubular cells to interstitial area
a. 4, 2, 1, 3
b. 2, 1, 3, 4
c. 2, 4, 1, 3
d. 1, 3, 4, 2
e. 1, 2, 3, 4

a. 4, 2, 1, 3

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when....
a. colloid osmotic pressure increases
b. ADH production increases
c. plasma osmolality decreases
d. aldosterone production decreases
e. ADH production decreases

b. ADH production increases

In the sodium-hydrogen antiport system,..
a. both sodium ions and hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular lumen
b. both sodium ions and hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular cell
c. sodium ions are transported into the cell; hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular lumen
d. sodium ions are transported into the tubular lumen; hydrogen ions are transported into the cell
e. sodium ions are transported out of the cell; hydrogen ions are transported into the cell

c. sodium ions are transported into the cell; hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular lumen

The vasa recta....
a. supplies blood to the glomerulus
b. alters the cortical solute gradient
c. collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid

By the time filtrate reaches the tip of the loop of Henle, __________ of the filtrate volume has been reabsorbed.
a. 65%
b. 75%
c. 80%
d. 95%
e. 100%

c. 80%

Diabetes mellitus is the result of increased glucose levels in the...
a. blood
b. filtrate
c. urine
d. all of these
e. none of these

d. all of these

The kidneys produce renin when....
a. the urine becomes acidic
b. the peritubular capillaries dilate
c. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases
d. sodium chloride concentration in the collecting ducts increases
e. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole increases

c. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases

Angiotensin II....
a. is potent vasoconstrictor
b. stimulates aldosterone secretion
c. is formed from angiotensin I
d. all of these
e. none of these

d. all of these

Aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by...
a. increasing tubular renin production
b. increasing tubular permeability
c. increasing osmosis into the tubule cells
d. increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium
e. decreasing tubular permeability

d. increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium

Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The results of giving this drug would be altered filtrate osmolality and...
a. increased urine output
b. increased aquaporin proteins in cell membranes of distal tubules
c. decreased pH of the filtrate
d. increased pH of the urine
e. decreased urine volume

a. increased urine output

Consumption of alcohol increases urine production by....
a. decreasing the blood pressure
b. causing retention of sodium ions
c. inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
s. stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenals
e. stimulating the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

c. inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

Atrial natriuretic hormone....
a. promotes the secretion of ADH
b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary
c. causes the formation of concentrated urine
d. is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases
e. is secreted when atrial blood pressure decreases

d. is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases

Autoregulation in the kidney involves changes in the degree of...
a. constriction of afferent arterioles
b. sympathetic stimulation
c. aldosterone secretion
d. ADH secretion
e. all of these

a. constriction of afferent arterioles

If extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of....
a. urea
b. water
c. sodium
d. potassium
e. chloride

b. water

Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder primarily as the result of.....
a. osmotic gradient
b. peristaltic contractions
c. a concentration gradient
d. all of these
e. none of these

b. peristaltic contractions

Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?
a. Macula densa cells
b. Mesangial cells
c. Nephrocytes
d. Podocytes
e. Monocytes

d. Podocytes

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the _________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.
a. proximal convoluted tubules
b. distal convoluted tubules
c. loops of Henle
d. collecting ducts
e. glomeruli

a. proximal convoluted tubules

The urine is most likely to be hypertonic when the __________.

a. body's water volume is high

b. body's pH is low

c. output of antiduiretic hormone is high

d. output of atrial natriuretic hormone is high

e. person is deprived of drinking water

e. person is deprived of drinking water

Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________.
a. creatinine
b. urea
c. glucose
d. sodium
e. magnesium

c. glucose

Urea is a by-product of the metabolism of...
a. sugars
b. fats
c. cholesterol
d. amino acids
e. none of these

d. amino acids

Which of the following is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste?

a. ammonia

b. urea

c. uric acid

d. all of these

e. none of these

a. ammonia

When the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is low, the kidneys release _________ which will cause an increase in red blood cell production.
a. erythropoietin
b. vitamin D
c. creatinine
d. renin
e. none of these

a. erythropoietin

The three (3) opening of the bladder surround an inelastic area known as the...
a. urethra
b. trigone
c. ureters
d. detrusor muscle
e. none of these

b. trigone

The kidneys are retroperitoneal. What does that mean?
a. They are behind the abdominal muscles
b. They are placed backwards in the abdominal cavity
c. They are behind the liver
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

e. none of the above

What anatomical features allow for the expansion of the urinary bladder as it fills with urine?
a. plicae and elastic connective tissue
b. rugae and columnar epithelium
c. plicae and stratified squamous epithelium
d. rugae and transitional epithelium

d. rugae and transitional epithelium

In which gender is the urethra longer?

a. male

b. female

c. both male and female are equal

a. male

Urea....
a. is found in the filtrate, and cycles (moves in/out of the nephron) but also occurs in the urine
b. never leaves the blood plasma
c. is filtered and reabsorbed totally
d. is found in filtrate, and stays in the nephron, as e. it is a nitrogenous waste product

a. is found in the filtrate, and cycles (moves in/out of the nephron) but also occurs in the urine

Which of the following is/are ways that water enters the body?
a. in what we drink
b. in what we eat
c. from body metabolism
d. all of these
e. none of these

d. all of these

What structure in the kidneys monitors blood pressure and osmolality?
a. glomerular capsule
b. afferent arteriole
c. juxtaglomerular apparatus
d. peritubular capillaries
e. none of these

c. juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which of the following is TRUE about acidosis?

a. can be a result of impaired respiratory function (ex. thickened respiratory membrane)

b. can be a result of impaired renal function (failure of secretion in tubules)

c. acidosis is a condition when H+ concentration is high

d. all of these are true

e. none of these are true

d. all of these are true

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for maintaining proper pH in the body?

a. increase ventilation rate with low pH

b. increase reabsorption of HCO3- ions from filtrate in conditions of low pH

c. increase production of Na+/H+ antiport proteins in tubule cell membranes in conditions of low pH

d. all of these are mechanisms

e. none of these are mechanisms

d. all of these are mechanisms