BIO 104 - Exam #1

What are the steps in the scientific method?

1. make observations, 2. form hypothesis, 3. experiment, 4. analyze data, 5. form conclusion

What is anecdotal evidence?

something that you experienced, ideas are inspired by evidence

what is scientific evidence?

systematic observation and experimentation, hypothesis are testable and falsifiable are examined

what is the independent variable?

variable that is changed in a systemic way

what is the depends variable?

variable that is measured

what is the experimental group?

experiences experimental intervention or manipulation

what is the control group?

experiences no experimental intervention

why is a larger sample size better than a smaller size?

it is more likely to have statistical significance

list the 5 requirements for all organisms:

reproduction, maintain homeostasis, grow, sense and respond to stimuli, obtain and use energy

what is matter?

anything that takes up space and has mass, made of elements

what are elements?

substances that cannot be chemically broken down

what is an atom?

the smallest unit of an element that remains the property of that

what are electrons?

negatively charged and orbit nucleus

what are protons?

positively charged

what are neutrons?

neutral charge

what are organic molecules?

they have a carbon backbones and at least one C-H bond

what are inorganic molecules?

they lack a carbon based backbones and C-H bonds

what are macromolecules?

large organic mole, composed of subunits called monomers, monomers link together to form polymore chains

what 4 living things are made from complex macromolecules?

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

What is a solvent?

substance in which another substance dissolves (ex. water)

What is a solute?

a dissolved substance (ex. salt)

What is a solution?

mixture of soluble and solvent

What are carbohydrates?

made of repeating subunits of simple sugars are monomers

What are proteins?

folded polymers made of repeating units of amino acids

What are lipids?

a diverse group of hydrophobic organic molecules crucial for energy storage, cell structure and insulation

what are nucleic acids?

polymers made of repeating nucleotide subunits (DNA and RNA)

What is hydrophobic?

Substances that repel or don't mix with water, often because they are nonpolar molecules

what is hydrophilic?

Substances or surfaces that have a strong affinity for water (water loving)

What is pH?

a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, ranges from 0-14 (water is neutral = 7)

What is water cohesion?

water molecules are strongly attracted to and stick to each other

What is water adhesion?

the attraction and sticking of water molecules to other substances (like glass, leaves, or skin)

what are ionic bonds?

strong bonds formed between oppositely charged ions

what are ions?

charged atom due to loss or gain of electrons

what are antibiotics?

chemicals that slow or stop growth of bacteria, target prokaryotic cells

what is the cell theory?

all living things are cells, every new cell comes from division of pre-existing cells

how do antibiotics kill bacteria?

bacteria cells fill up with water and burst due to osmosis

How are prokaryotic cells unique?

DNA floats freely, no organelles, cell wall made of peptidoglycan

How are eukaryotic cells unique?

membrane bound organelles, including nucleus

How are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells the same?

cell membrane of phospholipids and proteins, contain cytoplasm and ribosomes, DNA as a molecule of hereditary instructions

what is osmosis?

diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane

what is isotonic?

concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell, water flows in and out at the same rate

what is hypotonic?

cell swells, water goes in (the solution outside the cell)

what is hypertonic?

cell shrivels, water goes out (the solution outside the cell)

what is the cell membrane?

cells are bounded by this, all cells have one, membrane is semipermeable, separate the contents of a cell from its environment

what is diffusion?

substages move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

What is simple diffusion?

no energy required, natural tendency of dissolved substances to move from higher concentration to lover concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

large molecules of hydrophilic solutes diffuse across membrane to help transport molecules, high concentration to low concentration, does not require energy

What are transport proteins?

act as channel carrier or pump, can move specifically

what is active transportation?

uses help of transport proteins, requires energy, goes up against the gradient: low to high, pumping “uphill”, pumped solutes to the side of the membrane with higher concentration

what would be considered as eukaryotic cells?

plant, animal, fungus, protists

what is the nucleus?

encloses the cells DNA, reactions for interpreting genetic instructions, surrounded by nuclear envelope

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

network of membrane covered “pipes” proteins and lipids synthesized here

What does the rough ER make?

ribosomes make proteins

What does the smooth ER make?

makes lipids

What is the golgi apparatus?

stacked membrane discs, receives proteins via ER via vesicles, packages and transports proteins “sorting”

What is the mitochondria?

extracts energy from food, convert energy to useful form, cells “power plant”, all eukaryotes have this

What are lysomes?

full of digestive enzymes, break down worn-out cell parts and food molecules, “garbage collectors”

what is the cyroskelton?

network of protein fibers, cell support, movement of structure within cells

what is chloroplast?

plant and algae have them, sites of photosynthesis, capture and conversion of sunlight into usable