AP World - Modern Africa, LA, ME

Imperialism

colonial rulers had taken resources and the best land from Africa. taxes and harsh laws were put upon the natives. resistance and opposition grew during the early 1900s

Causes for Independence

1. Africans could not grow profitable crops - forced off good farm lands

2. Africans were dependent on European-made goods - sucked resources out of Africa.

3. The top jobs in society were held by Europeans - Africans could never get those jobs

Self-determination (political control of own country)

urged & inspired by Woodrow Wilson, many pushed for independence and self-rule

Pan-Africanism

emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world -Marcus Garvey = "Africa for Africans" - formed the Pan-African Congress in 1919

Pan-African Congress

formed in 1919 (W.E.B. DuBois), nationalism, pushed for rights for Africans

Negritude

expressing pride in African roots (began in W. Africa - showing of pride by rejecting negative views of Africa spread by colonial rulers -used as push for independence (Nationalism)

Jomo Kenyatta

Kenya, won independence in 1963. supported nonviolence to end oppressive laws -move radical leaders used guerrilla warfare - Jomo was imprisoned. imprisonment had made Jomo a hero -he was released & became the 1st prime minister (1963) -next year - Kenya = Republic & Jomo was president

Kwame Nkrumah

Gold Coast, Ghana. won independence in 1957. strikes, boycotts (non-violence) -riots against British rule - Nkrumah imprisoned for actions. -Nkrumah released at independence - became prime minister -renamed country Ghana (to regain African symbolism)

more than 50 new nations gained independence

1. Algeria - 1962 - France 2. Congo- 1960 - Belgium 3. Egypt - 1922- Britain 4. Ghana - 1957 - Britain 5. Kenya - 1963 - Britain 6. Nigeria - 1960- Britain 7. Rwanda -1462= Britain 8. Senegal - 1960 = France 9. South Africa-191o - Britain

independence goal

modernization -after 20 yrs of colonial rule there was a need to modernize to compete w rest of world

results of independence

Some countries faced civil war, natural disasters, military rule or corrupt dictators. -while elite groups enjoyed wealth, the majority lived in poverty

Nigeria ethnic groups

More than 250 ethnic groups b. Major Groups: Muslim Hausa & Fulani (North) Christian= Ibo + Yeruba (South)

Nigeria Independence from Britain

hoped to develop rapidly - rich in resources (oil)

military takeover

Hausa took control of govt & ignored the federal constitution - ethnic rivalries increased

Creation of Biafra

-1960s tens of thousands of Ibos were massacred - this triggered a bloody civil war. Ibo leaders in the southeast declared independence from Nigeria and the creation of a new state = Biafra. Nigeria imposed a blockade on Biafra - caused starvation -war raged on for several years

Biafra returned to Nigeria

-nearly a million people lost their lives during the civil war- starvation forced Biafra to return to Nigeria

economic issues

oil caused economy to boom during 1970'5 - Nigeria wasted money, oil price dropped, economy almost collapsed

social issues

-people were repressed under military rule - corruption was attacked to help restore economy

Rwanda ethnic groups

i. Hutus (84% of population) ii. Tutsis (minority, but powerful social class)

Belgian Colony (late 1800s -1959)

-supported a Tutsi monarchy (wealthy, Catholic)

tribal war

-Hutus were furious that the minority Tutsis ruled over them sparking hatred & violence

independence

1962 - Rwanda gains independence from Belgium -Hutus immediately asserted their power by kicking many Tutsis out of Rwanda. Tutsis became scapegoats if anything went wrong.

treaty for shared power

-seeing tribal differences unleashed led to a push for a sharing of power - Hutus rejected this proposal

President of Rwanda killed

Juvenal Habyarimana - president from 1973-1994 (Huta)-plane was shot down - Hutus blamed the Tutsis

ethnic cleansing / genocide

1994 - Hutus blamed the killing of the president on the Tutsi -between April and July, 937,000 Tutsis + moderate Hutus were killed - millions more fled -Tutsi rebel armies fought back against the Hutu militia - Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regimе

Resolution 955

-U.N. stepped in to re-establish peace in Rwanda -persecuted those involved in the genocide - stopped the human rights violations

South Africa self-rule

1910 - won from Britain ~ freedom was limited to white settlers only (<20% of pop.) - passed laws to keep blacks suppressed

South Africa ethnic composition

a. Black - made up majority b. White - less than 22%- had the control C. mixed race d. Asian small percentage of overall population

Apartheid

segregation/separation of races. blacks were treated like foreigners. low wages and poor schooling led to blacks in poverty

Apartheid laws

i. Permission to travel - must carry passbooks ii. Women had to get permission from guardian + authorities in order to go anywhere. ili. Blacks were assigned "Homelands" based on their ethnic group iv. 30% of land (best land) was reserved for whites. V. Banned marriages between the races Vi. Segregated restaurants, beaches, schools, etc. vii. Blacks were paid less than whites for same work viii. Blacks forced to give up their civil rights iX. Forbidden to engage in political activity. exercise democratic rights

Sharpesville Massacre

group of peaceful demonstrators protested apartheid laws - police gunned down 69 men, women, & children

external opposition to apartheid

-by 1980's - many nations demanded an end to apartheid & the release of Mandela -countries imposed economic sanctions - South African athletes were banned from the olympics -foreigners boycotted S.A. goods -U.S. led the way in supporting Africans

internal opposition to apartheid

-African National Congress (ANC) organized marches, boycotts,& strikes -after Sharpesville some ANC activists pushed for armed action rather than nonviolence. Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu

Nelson Mandela

encouraged civil disobedience. later joined militants and pushed for armed resistance to control gov't. -1960's - arrested & sentenced to life in prison -27 yrs. in prison - very popular w/people -released in 1990

Desmond Tutu

black Anglican bishop -won Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent opposition

1994

multiracial election held where everyone had the opportunity to vote

Nelson Mandela elected president

South Africa became a democracy. People expected change, Mandela knew this would be difficult.

whites still owned 3/4 of land

black unemployment and crime increased. gap between whites and blacks remained large

new programs

public housing, pure water, electricity

Organization of African Unity

promote unity, work together to make Africa better, defend independence - 53 states have joined

colonial legacy

Western nations left Africa with poor gov'ts + economies. By dividing up the nation without regards for tribal boundaries ethnic tensions grew when westerners left

civil wars

-no tribe wanted to be ruled over by another -some times based on religious differences- catholics + Muslims. these wars still exist today

One-party systems

a country has one political party, or one that most likely would win. some countries felt this would help keep country unified. this led to authoritarian leaders or dictators in some cases.

military rule

-Military leaders claimed they were motivated by a sense of duty. - more than half of all African countries experienced a military takeover. leaders usually promised to give civilian control back once gov't was stable. this did not often happen.

AIDS

an epidemic spreading across Africa. 1998- estimated 21 million people were infected - 4 million new infections a year! - there is a treatment for it but it is too expensive for Africans

urbanization

- by 2000 - almost half of all Africans live in towns/cities -mass migration for job opportunities -this has ruined many traditional African traditions/customs. women & children live in rural areas - farm+ supply family with food

overpopulation

have to find ways to feed, educate, and employ the people. 1965: 280 million. 1990: 650 million. 2020: 1.3 billion

type of economy

socialism or capitalism. -many countries choose socialism = gov't made economic decisions-others tried mixed economies 2. -Africans were not prepared enough to create stable economies

agricultural problems

a. farm land was being used to grow cash crops to export (coffee, tea, cotton) left less land for food growing b. Food prices were low → farmers poor → farmers only grew -for themselves, not the country C. By 1980s- gov't realized farmers were important -offered to buy supplies. result: higher food output

dependence

-Africans remained dependent on Europeans nations for trade and money to boost economy -may be free but couldn't break the ties

poverty

-high population, high prices, high unemployment, poor education-result to high levels of poverty nationwide

foreign debt

1970's - with soaring oil prices, Africa spent a lot of $ importing oil -African exports dropped -gov't had to take cut more loans & fall further into debt

desertification

-over grazing and the removal of topsoil through farming -desert is spreading leaving less land to farmers

deforestation

- to help stabilize the economy, the gov't allowed the cutting + exporting of trees -this destroyed parts of the rainforests

Porfirio Diaz

- dictator in Mexico for 35 years - seemed like Mexico was peaceful + prosperous butl only land a few were wealthy -most lived in poverty. unequal land distribution

Francisco Madero

liberal reformer. -he demanded free elections in 1910 - thrown in jail -he encouraged revolt ; freed with revolt, Diaz resigned in 1911 -Madero president -murdered 2 yrs. later

Pancho Villa

fought for personal power in the north - won loyalty with followers. struggled for control in Mexico.

Emiliano Zapata

led a peasant revolt in the south - understood farmers problems. struggled for control in Mexico. followers called Zapatistas

Venustiano Carranza

elected president. constitution - broke up large estates, Church land was made public. minimum wage set, protected right to strike -social + economic reforms

Lazaro Cardenas

president of Mexico during 1930s. PRI

PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)

I. Single party that dominated Mexican politics

ii. Addressed issues like: education, welfare, health kept people happy for the most part

iii. Party split in the 1990s - 2000 election : Vicente Fox won the election, ending the PRI's reign. -PRI had ruled since the Mexican Revolution

Guerilla Movements

-forces upset with the government have constantly fought to bring the gov't down & establish control -pockets of resistance have plagued Mexican history

PAN (National Action Party)

- conservative & christian Democratic party -one of 3 major political parties in Mexico today (PRD = Party of Democratic Revolution is 3rd party)

Import Substitution

- Mexico had close ties to US for trade - didn't want to rely so heavily on US for trade or loans

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association)

1993- Mexico, U.S., Canada sighed agreement -did bring some new business but brought problems as well

social issues

a. population - rise in pop. is resulting in rise in unemployment, leading to many illegal immigrants going to US for jobs

b. poverty - top 10% of pop. control 40% of wealth - bottom 20%o of pop. control 2% of wealth

c. drug trafficking - between US + Mexico has created tension

Somoza Family

- ruled Nicaragua from 1936-1979 -they were anti-communist & thus enjoyed US. backing -got rich- didn't care about the people- ousted in 1979

Sandinistas

-named after Augusto Sandino- opposed the Somozas

Sandinistas reform

-reform-minded nationalists -included a large # of women + leftist students

Sandinistas coup

1979- revolutionaries ousted Somoza

Daniel Ortega

- became the new Sandinista president -introduced land reform & other socialist policies

Contras

guerillas who fought against the Sandinistas -President Ronald Regan feared Nicaragua - backed the contras

civil war

long war between contras & Sandinistas

results

Sandinistas retained control -1990- a moderate won the presidential election -Sandinistas peacefully gave up power. economy suffered during war

Guatemala 1954

- communist influence was growing -US stepped in and ousted the reformist gov't

Guatemala civil war

-military + landowners regained control but fought against leftist guerrilla movements -gov't routinely murdered critics

Guatemala results

-civilian gov't took control in 1980's, but military still had a major influence. -1996-30 yr. civil war finally ended & peace was signed

El Salvador civil war

- Conservatives murdered church workers, student & labor leaders, and anyone else who pushed for change for the poor + oppressed

Liberation Theology - Oscar Romero

-priests preached that God was "a God of justice and love who acts on the side of the poor + oppressed -Romero (Archbishop) - gunned down in 1980 -1991-U.N. finally established peace

Manuel Noriega (Panama)

-1989-U.S. invaded and overthrew General Noriega .-he was later tried, convicted, +imprisoned foPr drug trafficking

Panama Canal

- u.s, gave the canal back to Panama -canal not as useful as it once was (small) -part of the agreement when US built it.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide (Haiti)

-Haiti had been ruled by harsh dictators until 1990 -Jean elected president - supported liberation theology

poverty

- Aristide hoped to bring the country at least "from misery to dignified poverty - he had trouble + little success passing reforms ☐ Haiti is the poorest country in western hemisphere -lacks roads, electricity, & other basics -economy is still behind today

Brazil exports

timber, coffee, sugar, rubber

Brazil industrialization

industrial boom (19305-1950's) = roads, schools hydro electricity

development of rainforests

majority (90%) of population lives within 200 miles of coast -to encourage settlers to move inland

Brazil deforestation causes

a. Need for living space for a growing population - movement from coast to the interior.

b. Farmers needed more cattle grazing lands + plonting fields -cattle ranching has caused 60% of deforestation(beef production)

C. Agricultural purposes (farming) 30% of deforestation

d. Mining purposes - expansion of mining into rainforest areas

Brazil deforestation results

a. Provoked conflict between economic development environmental protection

b. A host of environmental issues - erosion, pollution, global warming

Juan Peron

elected president of Argentina in 1946 - Eva (his wife) was his closest advisor - ruled an authoritarian govt

Juan Peron reforms

2. Eva helped women gain the right to vote

b. Boosted wages, strengthened labor unions, made social reforms

C. Juans policies led to a huge debt & soaring inflation

Eva Peron

wife - Juan Peron’s closest advisor

Military rule

1955 Peron was ousted by a military coup & forced into exile -he came back in 1973 - became president- and died the next year

Dirty War

-military took control of the county in 1976

-to combat leftist guerrillas they waged a "dirty war"

-the enemies army of terrorized the people that they accused of being state - - most as many as 20,000 went missing from their homes were murdered (some thrown into the ocean from an airplane

- the army was defeated by the British in 1982 and an elected gov't was restored the following year