Nutrition & Health - Chapter One: Emerging Issues in Nutrition (HUN1201)

Flashcards covering obesity, trends, policies, nutrition foundations, assessment, and dietary guidelines from the Nutrition & Health notes.

What percent of adults in the U.S. have obesity?

41.9%

What percent of U.S. adolescents and children have obesity according to latest data?

19.7%

According to CDC, what are obesity rates by age group in the U.S. for 2-5, 6-11, and 12-19 years?

12.7% (2-5 yrs), 20.7% (6-11 yrs), 22.2% (12-19 yrs)

Worldwide, how many people have obesity according to WHO data cited?

650 million adults, 340 million adolescents, and 39 million children

What is the obesogenic environment?

An environment where food availability and portion sizes are large and physical activity is reduced, contributing to obesity.

Name two of the ‘New Challenges’ in nutrition mentioned.

Rising obesity/overweight; Type 2 diabetes epidemic; widespread cardiovascular disease; cancer (half preventable); growth of the aging population.

What lifestyle factors are linked to the obesity trend?

Energy-dense foods, lower physical activity, easy food availability, and larger portion sizes.

Over the past century, how has life expectancy changed?

It increased from about 45 years to nearly 80 years.

What percentage of healthcare costs is associated with the 65-and-older population?

About 50%

Which diseases have largely replaced infectious diseases as leading causes of death?

Heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

What term describes the rapid growth of diverse ethnic and racial groups in the U.S.?

Increased ethnic and racial diversity; rapid growth in Hispanic American, Asian American, and Pacific Islander populations.

What is meant by the Information Explosion in nutrition?

The rapid expansion of internet and technology-based sources of health and nutrition information, with varying reliability.

What is nutrigenomics?

The study of how diet and environmental factors influence genes and how genetic variation affects nutrient needs and disease susceptibility, leading to individualized dietary advice.

Name two new marketplace products mentioned.

Functional foods and phytochemicals.

What does 'Nutrition' mean?

Means to nourish.

How is nutrition science defined?

The scientific knowledge that defines nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth, activity, and reproduction.

Who is the profession of Dietetics primarily concerned with?

Applying nutrition science in practice to people in health and disease; involves RD roles.

What is a Registered Dietitian (RD)?

A nutrition expert on the healthcare team with major responsibility for patients’ nutritional care.

What is a Public Health Nutritionist?

A professional who oversees care of high-risk groups in the community and develops intervention programs.

Approximately how many nutrients are essential for human life and health?

About 50 essential nutrients.

What are macronutrients and micronutrients?

Macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals.

What are the three general functions of nutrients?

Provide energy; Build and repair tissues; Regulate metabolic processes to maintain homeostasis.

What is the energy yield of carbohydrates per gram?

4 kilocalories (kcal) per gram.

What percentage of total kcalories should come from carbohydrates?

45-65% of total kcalories.

What type of carbohydrates should predominate in the diet?

Complex carbohydrates (starches) over simple sugars.

What is the major energy source and dietary fiber source?

Carbohydrates.

What is the energy yield per gram for fats?

9 kcal per gram.

What percentage of total kcalories should come from fats?

20-35% of total kcalories.

What are the essential fatty acids (EFAs)?

Linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3).

Name the three categories of lipids.

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

What is the primary function of lipids in the body?

Tissue building; can be used for energy if needed.

What is the energy yield per gram for protein?

4 kcal per gram.

What percentage of total kcalories should come from protein?

10-35% of total kcalories.

How many amino acids are used to build proteins, and how many are essential?

20 amino acids total; 9 essential amino acids.

What is the energy role of protein?

Provides energy (4 kcal/g) and supplies amino acids for tissue building and regulatory substances.

What are minerals used for in the body?

Structural roles (e.g., calcium, phosphorus), enzymatic cofactors (e.g., iron), and transport roles.

What is Vitamin C's role mentioned?

Helps produce the intercellular ground substance that cements tissues together.

How many vitamins exist, and how are they categorized?

13 vitamins; fat-soluble and water-soluble.

What is the role of minerals as cofactors?

Serve as cofactors in cell metabolism and components of enzyme systems.

What is the function of water in the body?

Forms blood, lymph, and intercellular fluids; transports nutrients; participates in metabolic reactions; 9-13 cups/day recommended.

What is meant by Nutrient Interaction?

Synergy and interaction among nutrients essential for carrying out body functions.

How is Nutritional Status defined?

The nutritional health of an individual, evaluated by dietary, biochemical, anthropometric, and clinical measures.

What is a primary nutrient deficiency?

Insufficient dietary intake of a nutrient.

What is a secondary nutrient deficiency?

Deficiency caused by impaired absorption, metabolism, or elevated need.

What measurements are used to evaluate nutritional status?

Anthropometric measurements, clinical assessments, biochemical analyses, and dietary evaluations.

What is Optimal Nutrition?

Neither deficiency nor excess of nutrients; appropriate weight for height and adequate nutrient stores.

What does overnutrition refer to?

Excessive energy intake and low physical activity leading to weight gain; may involve excessive micronutrient intakes.

What is Marginal Nutritional Status?

Energy-rich but nutrient-poor diet; limited nutrient reserves to cope with added demands.

What is Malnutrition?

Any condition caused by excess or deficient energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients.

Who is most vulnerable to overt malnutrition?

Infants, children, pregnant women, and older adults.

What are Kwashiorkor and Marasmus?

Forms of undernutrition; Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency with edema) and Marasmus (calorie/energy deficiency).

What methods are used in Diet Evaluation?

24-hour recall, usual intake, food record, food frequency questionnaire, and diet history.

What is nutrient density?

The amount of nutrients provided per calorie; nutrient-dense foods contribute vitamins/minerals with fewer calories.

What are 'empty calories'?

Calories from foods with little or no essential nutrients (high in solid fats and added sugars).

What is MyPlate?

A MyPlate Food Guidance System that encourages portions and nutrient-dense choices; used for daily planning.

What is the role of dietary policies in nutrition?

Legislation and programs guiding food labeling, safety, and nutrition education; aims to reduce obesity and chronic disease.

What was one of the early nutrition policies (1930s) related to vitamins?

The requirement to enrich milk with vitamin D and later enrichment of grains with B vitamins and iron.

What major policy report did Surgeon General release in 1988?

The Surgeon General’s report on nutrition and health.

What is Healthy People 2020?

A USDHHS initiative with science-based national objectives for health promotion and disease prevention; updated every 10 years.

What are the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

A framework of nutrient standards including RDA, AI, UL, and EAR to assess intakes of healthy people.

What does RDA stand for and mean?

Recommended Dietary Allowance; intake goal for all healthy people.

What does AI stand for in DRIs?

Adequate Intake; used when insufficient data to establish an RDA.”

What does UL stand for and indicate?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level; the max daily intake unlikely to cause adverse effects for most healthy people.

What does EAR stand for?

Estimated Average Requirement; the daily intake level estimated to meet the needs of 50% of healthy people.

What does AMDR stand for and what are its ranges?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range; Carbs 45-65%, Fat 20-35%, Protein 10-35% of total calories.

What is the Sodium UL or recommended limit mentioned?

UL for sodium is 2300 mg/day.

What are the Dietary Guidelines for 2020-2025 focusing on?

Eating patterns rather than nutrients; includes Healthy US Style, Healthy Mediterranean-Style, and Healthy Vegetarian patterns.

What are the five overarching guidelines in the Dietary Guidelines approach?

Shifts in food choices, shared responsibility, practical food guidance, measurement of progress, and emphasis on plant-based foods.

What is SoFAS?

Solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol—the components to limit in the diet.

What is ChooseMyPlate.gov?

An interactive site to personalize MyPlate guidance and plan daily food intake.

What are the three food groups used in the Food Lists for Diabetes?

Carbohydrates; Meat & Meat Substitutes; Fats.

What is the purpose of Food Lists for Diabetes?

A meal-planning tool to manage carbohydrate, fat, protein, and total kcalorie intake.

What are the three levels of disease prevention discussed?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

What are common sources of contamination in the food supply?

Contamination can occur at any point along the food supply chain.

Which groups are most at risk for foodborne illness?

Older adults, children, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune function.

What are key food safety practices mentioned?

Careful washing of produce, Thorough cooking of poultry/meat/eggs, and hand washing.

How are foods organized in the three major groups listed for dietary planning?

1) Carbohydrates (starches, fruits, dairy, sweets, vegetables); 2) Meat & Meat Substitutes (protein foods by fat content); 3) Fats (monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated)}

What are the main government sources of nutrition policy and guidance?

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, DRIs, MyPlate, and related nutrition education programs.

What is the role of the government in nutrition standards for programs?

To define nutrient intakes for specific populations and guide programs like school meals.

What is the general idea behind 'nutrition status versus dietary status'?

Nutritional status reflects actual nutrient health and reserves; dietary status reflects intake patterns.

What is the purpose of anthropometric measurements in nutrition assessment?

To estimate body fat and lean mass and assess growth or weight status.

What is a 24-hour recall used for in diet assessment?

To estimate a person’s intake during the previous 24 hours as part of dietary evaluation.

What is the significance of dietary energy density?

Nutrient-dense foods provide more nutrients per kcal; foods with little nutrition per kcal are energy-dense.

What is meant by 'nutrient-dense foods'?

Foods that provide vitamins, minerals, and other beneficial substances with relatively few calories.

Why is the concept of nutrient interaction important?

Nutrients often work together; synergy affects overall metabolism and health.

What is the recommended daily water intake concept mentioned?

Consume approximately 9-13 cups of water per day from foods and beverages.

How is 'dietary policy' defined in these notes?

All government laws and programs that pertain to food and nutrition, including labeling, safety, and education.

What does 'nutrition education programs such as MyPlate' refer to?

Programs designed to translate guidelines into practical eating plans for the public.