psyc 1650 exam 3

_______ is defined as a state of awareness - both inner and outer awareness

consciousness

consciousness is considered to be _______ - meaning that although lots of changes can happen either internally or externally, consciousness is perceived as unbroken

dynamic

consciousness is produced by _______

brain activity

_______ is defined as a lack of awareness

unconsciousness

what are three examples of MEDICAL disorders of consciousness?

coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state

name the medical disorder of consciousness where someone is unable to respond to anything and are typically reliant on medical machines for things like breathing; can also be medically induced

coma

name the medical disorder of consciousness where someone can typically breathe on their own and their eyes may be able to open and close (this is not a sign of them getting better) but they are still unconscious

vegetative state

name the medical disorder of consciousness where someone shows intermittent signs of arousal and awareness along with being in a state of unconsciousness

minimally conscious state

in humans, some things are always working - this is called _______

automatic processes

our consciousness can fall victim to _______, this occurs when some early stimulus affects a later stimulus/behavior/response and we don’t realize that they’re connected

priming

giving someone a list 5 words (let’s say aggressive, impatient, rude, mean, and dismissive) and then giving them a survey and they respond in ways that are similar to the 5 words is an example of what?

priming

_______ are things that are presented to people so quickly that they’re really below our consciousness awareness, but they’re up there (used a lot in advertising, doesn’t really work though)

subliminal messages

which part of the brain is important for emotional memory and picks up “scary” information before the rest of you?

amygdala

sleep is a _______, not the absence of one

behavior

true or false: humans are the only mammals that will willingly delay sleep

true

how long do our circadian rhythms last?

24 hours

why is sleep deprivation dangerous? give 4 aspects of behavior that you see when someone is sleep deprived

irritability, dizziness, tremors, and cognitive problems

how did researchers find out about the different stages of sleep early on?

EEG

a _______ measures brain activity

EEG

a _______ measures brain activity (remember EEG) and also eye movements

polysomnograph

what kind of brain waves do you see when someone is aroused and alert?

beta waves

what kind of brain waves do you see if someone is in a more relaxed state of mind (still awake though)

alpha waves

which stage of sleep is the transition stage between wakefulness and sleep?

stage 1

in what stage of sleep do you see hypnogogic hallucinations?

stage 1

in what stage of sleep is an individual actually asleep but if you wake them up they’ll swear that they weren’t

stage 2

stages 3 and 4 of sleep are known as _______ sleep

slow wave

in which stage(s) of sleep has the brain stopped relaying sensory information?

stages 3 and 4

when does REM sleep occur?

90 minutes after you sleep and after you’ve gone through all the other stages

what type of brain waves do you see when someone is in REM sleep?

beta waves

if you wake someone up during REM sleep they’ll be immediately _______

cognizant

during REM sleep does heart rate, blood pressure, etc. increase or decrease?

increase

if deprived of REM, the body’s attempts to enter REM _______

increase

what are the names of the three theories that explain why we have to sleep (we went over them in class)

• evolutionary theory of sleep

• restoration theory

• information processing theory

the _______ theory of sleep points to the idea about how much predators sleep versus pray (makes more sense for every other animal, not so much humans according to dr. kelly)

evolutionary

the _______ theory of sleep argues that sleep allows the brain to repair and restore itself after all of the exertions of the day

restoration

the _______ theory of sleep argues that sleep is vital for memory formation

information processing theory

_______ are sleep disorders that involve either falling asleep or remaining asleep

dyssomnias

_______ is a type of dyssomnia where an individual simply doesn’t get enough sleep and is characterized by hyperarousal

insomnia

what does an actual clinical diagnosis for insomnia require?

3 straight weeks without getting enough sleep (can’t have a blip in the middle or you start over)

35-40% of the population reports having insomnia, but the true percentage is around ___

10%

people with insomnia report feeling _______, NOT sleepy

exhausted

what are the three types of insomnia?

• onset insomnia

• maintenance insomnia

• termination insomnia

which type of insomnia is characterized by an individual having trouble falling asleep?

onset insomnia

which type of insomnia is characterized by an individual having trouble staying asleep (they have multiple sleep-wake events in a night and cannot maintain good sleep)

maintenance insomnia

which type of insomnia is characterized by an individual waking up early and not being able to fall back asleep?

termination insomnia

what is the best treatment for insomnia?

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

taking sleeping pills is a horrible idea for insomnia and can cause another type of insomnia known as _______

iatrogenic insomnia

_______ is a dyssomnia characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping

sleep apnea

what are the two kinds of sleep apnea?

central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea

which type of sleep apnea (central or obstructive) is more common?

obstructive sleep apnea

_______ is a dyssomnia characterized by unexpected periods of sleep occurring during periods of wakefulness

narcolepsy

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 narcolepsy?

type 1 has cataplexy as a symptom

_______ is extreme muscle weakness and causes individuals to just drop and fall asleep (a symptom of type 1 narcolepsy)

cataplexy

typical sleep periods during narcoleptic events last _____ mins (some can last up to 15 mins though, or just a few seconds (microsleeps))

2-4

narcoleptic attacks are brought on by _______

strong emotion

what is the usual treatment for narcolepsy?

stimulants

_______ are sleep disorders characterized by unwanted behaviors that occur during sleep

parasomnias

_______ is a parasomnia where muscle atonia does not occur when an individual hits REM sleep (this is where people act out their dreams)

REM behavior disorder

what is the treatment for REM behavior disorder?

clonazepam (anti-seizure medication) which has a 90% control rate

_______ is a parasomnia that is completely harmless and occurs in all stages of sleep

sleep talking

_______ is parasomnia which occurs during slow wave sleep (stages 3 & 4) and occurs mostly in children ages 2-5

sleepwalking

_______ are a type of parasomnia where an individual wakes up in a blind panic and has no idea why

night terrors

what are the 3 types of dyssomnias?

• insomnia

• sleep apnea

• narcolepsy

what are the 4 types of parasomnias?

• REM behavior disorder

• sleepwalking

• sleep talking

• night terrors

_______ is another thing that may involve altered consciousness but is really considered to be a placebo effect and there are no studies that validate it as something that really does alter consciousness

hypnosis

_______ as an altered state in a nutshell all leads to changes that result from a decrease in sympathetic arousal — it’s a large part of many stress-reduction techniques recommended for health

meditation

_______ drugs chemically alter consciousness; there are kinds that are legal (caffeine) and illegal (heroin)

psychoactive

drugs that are reinforcing, release _______

dopamine

what are the four classes of drugs?

• depressants

• stimulants

• hallucinogens

• mixed action drugs

_______ are drugs that slow the normal functions of the CNS (they may decrease anxiety, lower inhibitions, help with sleep, etc.)

depressants

list five examples of depressant drugs

• tranquilizers

• sedatives

• alcohol

• inhalants

• opiates

_______ is the most widely abused sedative hypnotic drug

alcohol

_______ affects tasks negatively in the reverse order in which you learned them (complex cognitive skills go first, fine motor skills go next, next is gross motor skills, and lastly is reflexes and consciousness)

alcohol

schedule _____ drugs are drugs with no medical use

1

_______ are depressants that are used to block pain (heroin, oxycodone, and fentanyl are all examples) and there are tons of receptors for this drug in the medulla which causes respiratory depression

opiates

_______ drugs are designed to increase or enhance the activity of the CNS

stimulants

what is the most widely used drug in the U.S.?

caffeine

give four examples of stimulant drugs

• caffeine

• nicotine

• cocaine

• amphetamines

why is nicotine so addictive?

because smoking it causes it to reach the brain faster

_______ are drugs that produce dramatic changes in mood and perception (some produce hallucinations, perceptual and time distortions, or anxiety)

hallucinogens

give three examples of hallucinogens

• marijuana

• PCP

• LSD

_____ and _____ (types of hallucinogens) do not exist in nature, they are strictly produced in the lab

LSD and PCP

which type of hallucinogen does not require a neurotransmitter to work; it can replicate serotonin and doesn’t even need to have those receptors

LSD

the federal government has made an exception for which schedule 1 drug to be researched in humans

marijuana

how many sites are there in the U.S. that grow marijuana for research?

only 1

what is the one type of mixed action drug that we went over in class? at low doses it has a sedative effect, at high doses it’s a “club drug” that produces a feeling of warmth and wanting to be near others; also used as treatment for PTSD in Europe

MDMA (aka ecstasy)

why does MDMA (aka ecstasy) cause individuals to die when used at higher doses?

dehydration, they sweat a lot and don’t realize they need to drink anything

what is the idea behind Europe using MDMA (ecstasy) as treatment for PTSD (at low and controlled doses)?

the idea is that when you recall something, that memory can be altered; so if you give someone with severe PTSD the drug, they can recall it while they’re in a better state and when that memory is restored in the brain, it will be less stressful

_______ is characterized by the compulsive, excessive, health damaging need to use a drug

drug abuse

_______ is a permanent change in behavior resulting from practice and experience

learning

_______ is a decline in responding to a familiar stimulus (an example would be not being able to smell a perfume after awhile)

habituation

_______ is an increased responding to stimuli that are new and unexpected

sensitization

some organisms have a built in, DNA related, _______, where they can learn some things much more easily than others (an example of this is learned taste aversion in rodents or humans responding to loud noises)

biological preparedness

_______ released in the brain will always cause reinforcement

dopamine

where is dopamine released?

in the nucleus accumbens

_______ conditioning typically involves autonomic responses (things you can’t control, like blinking)

classical

classical conditioning is a form of _______, which is the result of two things occurring close together in time

associative learning

was pavlov a psychologist?

no, he was a physiologist

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the neutral stimulus (NS)?

the bell