Matter Science 8

What must all matter have?

Mass and Volume

What is an atom?

Smallest unit of matter

What are the two types of matter?

Pure substances and Mixtures

What is the difference between the two types of matter?

→ Pure substances have the same composition throughout and cannot be physically separated.

→ Mixtures have a variable composition and can be physically separated.

What is an element?

→ An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom.

It has only one capital letter in its chemical formula.

It cannot be chemically or physically separated.

What is a compound?

A compound is a pure substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Its chemical formula has two or more capital letters.

It can be chemically separated, (since it is chemically bonded) but not physically.

What is the difference between the two types of pure substances?

→ Elements are made of only one kind of atom and cannot be chemically separated.

→ Compounds are made of two or more different atoms that are chemically bonded, so they can be chemically separated.

What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?

→ A compound is a pure substance with elements that are chemically bonded and cannot be physically separated.

→ A mixture is a blend of substances that are not chemically bonded and can be physically separated.

What is the difference between chemical symbols and chemical formulas?

→ Chemical symbols are 1 or 2 letters that represent a single element (e.g., H = hydrogen, Au = gold).

→ Chemical formulas show what elements and how many atoms are in a compound (e.g., H₂O = 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen).

What is the difference between a heterogeneous mixture and a homogeneous mixture?

→ A heterogeneous mixture has parts that are noticeably different and easily distinguishable (e.g., salad, pizza).

→ A homogeneous mixture (solution) is evenly mixed and the parts are not easily distinguishable (e.g., saltwater, lemonade).

Which state of matter has the most energy: solid, liquid or gas?

Gas has the most energy because its particles move the fastest and are the most spread out.

Which state of matter has the most order: solid, liquid or gas?

Solid has the most order because its particles are tightly packed in a fixed, repeating arrangement.

Which state of matter has the most space between its atoms: solid, liquid or gas?

Gas has the most space between its atoms since the particles are far apart.

If Kelvin has a degree symbol on the test: is it correct?

NO. Kelvin does NOT have a degree symbol

Out of these three:

300° C

300° F

300 K

Which is the hottest?

In general, if these three units have the same numerical value, what is hottest to coldest?

Celcius

Hottest to coldest:

°C > °F > K

Absolute zero in three temperature scales

Fahrenheit  −459.67°  F  

Celsius:  −273.15°  C

Kelvin:  0 K

Absolute Zero

theoretically the coldest possible temperature. At this temperature, atoms do not have motion.

When heat is added → _________

When Kinetic Energy Increases → _________

When the spacing between atoms increases → _____________

When heat is added → Kinetic Energy Increases

When Kinetic Energy Increases → The space between atoms increase

When the spacing between atoms increases → Amount of Order (arrangement) Decreases

Solid, Liquid, Gas. List the definites and non-definites

SOLID: definite volume,  definite shape

LIQUID: definite volume,  no definite shape

GAS: no definite volume,  no definite shape

Water Boils at: ______ (F, C, K)

Water Freezes at: _______

Water Boils at: 212 F, 100 C, 373, K

Water Freezes at: 32 F, 0 C, 273 K

Does temperature change during a phase change?

NO

Are phase changes reversible or irreversible?

Reversible! ice melting into water, water freezing into ice

Which type of phase changes take in energy?

Endothermic Phase Change - If the phase change is to a state of matter with more energy, than it is absorbing energy (taking IN energy)

Ex. boiling water - heating water gives it MORE energy

Which type of phase changes release energy?

Exothermic Phase Change - if the phase change is to a state of matter with less energy, than it is releasing energy (giving OUT energy)

Melting ??? —> ???

Solidification

Vaporization

Condensation

Sublimation

Deposition

Melting Solid → Liquid

Solidification liquid → solid

Vaporization liquid → gas

Condensation gas → liquid

Sublimation solid → gas

Deposition gas → solid

3 states of matter, highest energy to lowest energy

Gas (most) —> Liquid —> Solid (least)

Examples of Endothermic, Examples of Exothermic

Solid To Liquid, Solid to Gas, Liquid to Gas → Endothermic (low energy to higher energy, taking in energy)

Gas to Liquid, Gas to Solid, Liquid to Solid → Exothermic (high energy to low energy, giving out energy)

Solid → Liquid

liquid → solid

liquid → gas

gas → liquid

solid → gas

gas → solid

Melting Solid → Liquid

Solidification liquid → solid

Vaporization liquid → gas

Condensation gas → liquid

Sublimation solid → gas

Deposition gas → solid

Say if each is ENDO or EXOthermic

Melting

Solidification

Vaporization

Condensation

Sublimation

Deposition

Melting - Endothermic

Solidification - Exothermic

Vaporization - Endothermic

Condensation - Exothermic

Sublimation - Endothermic

Deposition - Exothermic

Melting

Melting --> Solid to Liquid --> Endothermic

Solidification

Solidification --> Liquid to Solid --> Exothermic

Vaporization

Vaporization --> Liquid to Gas --> Endothermic

Condensation

Condensation --> Gas to Liquid --> Exothermic

Sublimation

Sublimation --> Solid to Gas --> Endothermic

Deposition

Deposition --> Gas to Solid --> Exothermic

Solid to Liquid

(Melting) --> Endothermic

Liquid to Solid

(Solidification) --> Exothermic

Liquid to Gas

(Vaporization) --> Endothermic

Gas to Liquid

(Condensation) --> Exothermic

Solid to Gas

Solid to Gas (Sublimation) --> Endothermic

Gas to Solid

(Deposition) --> Exothermic

How does speed correlate with temperature?

High temperature means the atoms move faster, hence there is more energy.

Lower temperature means the atoms move slower, hence there is less energy.

Boiling is actually GAINING energy not releasing it. that's because its HEATING the water up, making the atoms move more and have more energy —> ENDOTHERMIC

Why is solid, liquid, and gas definite or not definite shape. 

Solid is definite because the atoms are locked in place. Liquid and Gas don’t have a definite shape because their atoms are NOT locked in place.

Why is solid, liquid, and gas definite or not definite volume. 

Solid and Liquid have a definite volume because there is not a lot of space between atoms, so they are NOT compressible. Gas does NOT have a definite volume because there is a lot of space so it is compressible.