Dynamics of Healthcare - Final

trephination, trepanation

prehistoric practice: drilling holes in the skull to relieve evil spirits

Kept health records

Ancient Egyptians

Tannic acid

a method the Ancient Egyptians used to treat burns (from bark of a tree)

Prehistoric Time Period

8000-3000 BC

Ancient Egyptian Period

3000 BC - 500 AD

Leeches

used to open up blocked channels in the body

Ancient Chinese Period

1700 BC - 200 AD

Acupuncture

a method the Ancient Chinese used to relieve pain and congestion (still in use today)

Ancient Greeks Period

1200 BC - 200 BC

Hippocrates

Father of medicine

Prognosis

the likely outcome of a disease (Hippocrates emphasized this)

Hippocratic Oath

serves as the moral basis for many medical regulations and guidelines still in use today

Ancient Romans Period

753 BC - 410 AD

Ancient Romans

built public health & sanitation systems, developed the first hospitals

Medieval Times Period

500 AD - 1300 AD

Persian Physician: Avicenna

wrote the Canon of Medicine (explained common diseases & set new standards of medical practices in Europe & Asia)

The Renaissance Period

1300 AD - 1600 AD

Killed over half the population of Europe & Asia

bubonic plague (black death)

Andreas Vesalius

Revealed detailed information on the human body through dissection, published first comprehensive book of anatomy

William Harvey

described circulation of blood to and from the heart

microscope, mercury thermometer, stethoscope, sphygmomanometer

inventions of the Modern Times

Freud

formed basis for psychology and psychiatry

Fleming

Discovered penicillin

Crick & Watson

Described the structure of DNA

Christian Bernard

performed the first human heart transplant

Computerized Axial Tomography - uses radiation

CAT Scan

Magnetic Resonance Imaging - uses magnets

MRI

Edward Jenner

Developed the first vaccine for smallpox

Louis Pasteur

Developed the theory that most infectious diseases are caused by germs & pasteurizing milk will kill bacteria

Robert Koch

Father of Microbiology

Salk and Sabin

Discovered polio vaccine

Florence Nightingale

Founder of Modern Nursing, improved standards of hygiene & sanitation for medical care

Joseph Lister

Started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection

Factors contributing to growth in the medical industry

Innovative medical technology, aging population, longer life expediencies

acute care facility

a health care facility that provides care for patients who have extremely serious, severe, or painful conditions that require immediate medical attention (hospital)

assisted living facility

a facility that generally provides housing, group meals, personal care, support services, and social activities in a community setting

complementary therapies

a method of treatment that uses holistic (mental & social factors) to improve a person's health [ex: nutrition, exercise, relaxation]

custodial care

any non-medical care that can reasonably/safely be provided by non-licensed caregivers

extended care facility

a facility that provides health care and help with the activities of daily living to people of any age

general practitioner

a physician who diagnoses and treats a variety of common health problems

Home Health Care

care in a patient's home (provided by community health departments - ex: visiting nurses association)

homeopathy

holistic system of healing, focuses on small doses of highly dipulated substances

hospice

a program focused on reduced pain, symptoms, and stress during the last stages of terminal illness

independent living facility

a group of apartments or houses for residents who can take care of themselves and are mobile, yet need some help with daily activities

inpatient

a patient who remains in an acute care facility, such as a hospital, for more than 24-hours

interdisciplinary team

a group of health care professionals with varied medical educations, backgrounds, and experiences who work together

Microbiology

the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans

outpatient/ambulatory

patient who may need medical care/ongoing treatment but is discharged in 23 hours

Pandemic

infectious disease that affects entire continents/the world

prognosis

a medical opinion about the likely outcome of a condition or disease

Rehabilitation Centers

specialize in services for patients needing physical or emotional rehabilitation or treatment of chemical dependency

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff

stethoscope

a device that allows health care professionals to listen to the internal sounds of a patient

subacute care facility

Cares for a variety of patients with complex medical and rehabilitative needs

chronic

persisting for a long time or constantly recurring

acute

severe, sudden onset

specialist

medical practitioner whose practice is limited to a particular class of patients

transverse

a horizontal plane passing through the standing body so that the transverse plane is parallel to the floor

superior

above/on top of

Inferior

away from the head, below

Rx

medical prescription

Hx

history

Tx

treatment

Fx

fracture, fractional

Dx

diagnosis

SOB

shortness of breath

OTC

over-the-counter (medication)

URI

upper respiratory infection

UTI

urinary tract infection

Amb

ambulatory(walking)

stat

immediately

ROM

range of motion

d/c

discontinue

ADL

activities of daily living

Imhotep

Egyptian Physucian: Wrote Edwin Smith Papyrus (90 anatomical terms)

Chinese Emperor Huang-Ti

believed that blood flowed in a complete circuit around the body and back to the heart

Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis

First published work (3000 symptoms and outcomes), published in Babylon

Sushruta

Father of Indian surgery, first rhinoplasty

Humorism

The belief that health was maintained by a balance of the four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

Zacharias Janssen

Invented the microscope

Sir Humphrey Davy

recommends the use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas) in surgeries

Rene Laennec

Invented the stethoscope

Pravas & Wood

Developer syringe for drug administration

Lock & Pasteur

Establish germ theory

Karl Dussik

Developed ultrasounds

John Hopps

Developed the first cardiac pacemaker

Rosalind Franklin

Used X-ray diffraction to discover the structure of DNA.

Alec Jeffreys

invented DNA fingerprinting

Ian Wilmut

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Al-Razi

A Persian Physician that described the signs and symptoms of smallpox/measles

Wilhem Conrad Roentgen

discovered x-rays

Resource Utilization

making better use of health care resources to cut costs

Managed Care

a type of health insurance plan that establishes predetermined rates for services with health care providers such as doctors and hospitals, and puts providers in the position of managing patients' use of health care

PPO (Preferred Provider Organization)

a health insurance plan that allows patients to receive care from a non-plan provider, but requires them to pay a higher out-of-pocket price if they do so

Prospective Payment System

a health insurance system that pays the health care provider a fixed amount based on the medical diagnosis or specific procedure, rather than on the actual cost of hospitalization or care; if the actual cost for care is greater than the fixed amount, the provider must absorb the additional expense

co-insurance

the portion of the medical costs a patient may still have to pay once an insurance plan's deductible has been met (typically a percentage of the total amount the health care provider charges)

co-pay

a flat fee that many health insurance plans require patients to pay each time they receive a health care service

deductible

the money a person pays before the insurance policy provides benefits

DRG (Diagnostic Related Group)

a classification system used by Medicare and Medicaid to determine payment for health services based on diagnosis, surgical procedures, age, and other information

Direct Payment

the act of paying for health care with one's own money