Anatomy/Physiology Midterm

1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms 2. All organisms are made of 1 or more cells 3. Cells must produce more cells for organisms to continue to live

What are the three principles of the cell theory?

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Centrioles

What are the cell parts?

Controls what comes in and out of the cell

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Gel-like fluid in the cell

What is the cytoplasm's function?

Control center of the cell

What is the nucleus' function?

Transport's materials throughout the cell

What is the ER's function?

Makes proteins

What is the ribosomes function?

ATP production

What is the mitochondria's function?

Digestion and recycling

What is the lysosomes functions?

Stores and processes proteins

What is the golgi body's function?

Produces spindle fibers for mitosis

What do centrioles do?

Double layer of phospholipids that make up the plasma membrane

What is the bilipid layer?

1. Glycoproteins/glycolipids act as adhesives or "cellular glue" 2. Shape of the membrane of adjacent cells fit together like puzzle pieces 3. Special membrane junctions are also formed

What are 3 ways cells are bound together?

Cell Membrane

What is the transportation in and out of the cell called?

Mitochondria

Carries on cellular respiration in order to make cellular energy which is ATP

Energy, mitochondria

Cells that need to produce more _______ have more ________

Ribosomes

Are responsible for making proteins

Ribosomes, cytoplasm

Free floating _____ are found in the what?

Ribosomes found on the ER

What makes ER rough?

Enzymes, ribosomes

Cells that produce _____ contain a large number of _______

Pancreas

The _____ produces digestive enzymes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Fluid filled tunnel or channel leading from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Does not contain ribosomes and has no part in protein synthesis; helps breakdown fat molecules while transporting material from the nucleus

Smooth ER

Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

Rough ER

Cell membrane

Where are these proteins transported to?

Packages material (like a post office) in vesicles and secretes material that the cell needs or eventually does not need

Golgi Apparatus/Bodies

Proteins that are packaged

Secretory Vesicles

Vesicles

Can develop into different structures depending on what they contain

Lysosomes

Are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

If the membrane breaks, digestive enzymes get out and start eating the cell

Why would we call lysosomes a suicide sact?

Are vesicles that store nutrients

Vacuoles

Plants (specifically seeds), Bones (specifically when you were younger), and reproductive cells

In what type of organism would you find vacuoles?

Support the cells and helps give it shape; these tubules form cilia, flagella, and centrioles

Microtubules

Fine filaments composed of long pieces of protein that help with muscle contraction

Microfilaments

Your heart because it contracts

Where would you find more micro-filaments in? Your heart or eyelashes?

No

Do you find microfilaments in every cell?

Most organelles have a membrane and the plasma membrane distinguishes it from other membranes

Why is the cell membrane called the "Plasma Membrane"

Monosaccharides/simple sugars

What monomers make up carbohydrates?

Fatty acids and glycerol

What monomers make up lipids?

Amino acids

What monomers make up proteins?

Nucleotides

What monomers make up nucleic acids?

Carbon

What do organic compounds contain?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are macromolecules?

Saturated and unsaturated

What are the 2 types of lipids?

Fats and oils

What do lipids have?

Can increase you risk of coronary heart diseases and other metabolic problems

Saturated fats

Can help keep your body functioning healthily

Unsaturated fats

Saturated fat structures only have a single bond (good) whereas unsaturated fat has double bonds (bad)

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

What do peroxisomes do?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What do lipids contain?

Lipids

Can only dissolve in an inorganic solvent

Cholesterol

The raw material of vitamin D that becomes steroid hormones and bile salts

Cholesterol

What is a lipid that does not dissolve in water?

HDL (High density lipoprotein)

Carries the cholesterol though the blood and protects against coronary heart disease; good cholesterol

LDL (Low density lipoprotein)

Cholesterol that can lead up to build up in the blood vessels; bad cholesterol

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

What are the 4 structures of proteins?

Primary Structure

Is a long chain of amino acids bonded together

Secondary Structure

Is a coiled chain or folded side by side chain of amino acids

Tertiary Structure

Is a chain that is attached by "side chains"

Quaternary Structure

Shape contains more than one amino acid chain together

Helps build and repair cells and body tissues, including the skin, hair, muscle, and bone

What do proteins do?

The blood combining with other stuff inside the body

How does cholesterol get around the body?

lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones

Steriods

fibrous and globular

What are the 2 types of proteins?

Fibrous Protein

long, insoluble, structural proteins

Globular Protein

spherical, water-soluble proteins

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and nervous tissue

What are the primary tissue types?

Lines the body, covers the body, and makes up the glandular tissue

What are the 3 jobs of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial Cells

Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and lines the internal surfaces of the organs

Covering/Epithelial tissue

What is the 1st line of defense for our entire body?

1. epithelium of the skin protects us against bacterial and chemical damage2. epithelium lining of the respiratory tract has cillia, which sweeps dust and other debris away from the lungs3. epithelium specialized to absorb substances lines some digestive system organs such as the stomach4. epithelium in the lungs absorbs oxygen and exhales the bad stuff

What are 4 examples of epithelium functions?

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; grows back through mitosis when disconnected from other tissues

Connective Tissue

Bone (osseous), Cartilage, Dense connective tissue (fibrous), Loose connective tissue, and reticular connective tissue

What are the five types of connective tissue?

Blood supply (vascularized) except in cartilage, ligaments and tendons; Located in the dermis or the lower level of skin; includes an extracellular matrix

What are the 3 characteristics of connective tissue?

Connection and support

What is bone good for?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Muscle Tissue

Is highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

1.Inflammation2.Proliferation3. Remodeling

What are the 3 wound healing phases?

Nervous Tissue

A body tissue that carries electrochemical impulses (messages) back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body

1. Irritability 2. Conductivity

What are the 2 Nervous tissue functions?

1. regeneration 2. fibrosis

Two ways tissue heals itself

1. Inflammation 2. granulation tissue forms3. regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

After an injury... (stages)

Healing process

What process immediately begins when an injury occurs?

Consists of the skin and its accessory structures including the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

What is the integumentary system?

Is the exterior covering of the body; is the largest organ of the body; is supplied with blood vessels and nerves

What is skin?

Provides protection against invasion by bacteria and other harmful agents as well as protects delicate cells beneath the surface from injury

What are the functions of skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

What are the 2 major layers of the skin?

5

How many layers does the epidermis have?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum germinativum

What are the 4 layers of the skin?

Stratum Corneum

The outermost strata of the epidermis

Mostly dead cells, filled with a protein substance called keratin

What is the stratum corneum consisted of?

On the soles of the feet because there is less pressure

Is the stratum corneum thicker on the soles of the feet or on the eyelids?

Stratum Lucidum

Is a translucent layer lying directly beneath the corneum

It may or may not

Does the stratum lucidum exist in thinner skin?

Cells in this layer are dead or are in the process of dying

What does the stratum lucidum consist of?

Stratum Granulosum

Is one or more layers of cells starting to die and become hard

Keratinization that becomes into fibrous protein similar to that in hair and nails

The cells in the stratum granulosum are in the process of what?

Stratum Germinativum

Is composed of several layers of living cells capable of cell division

Innermost layer, melanin

Stratum germinativum is the _______ of the epidermis and contains ______

Dermis

Is beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue