ASCI 341 - Final Lab Practical

Which of the following is NOT a type of reproductive technology used to create a transgenic animal?

Artificial Insemination

Which of the following is NOT an application for reproductive technologies in livestock animals?

To enhance the genetic variability within a group of animals

True of False. During the semen collection lab, the boar had a higher sperm concentration.

False

True of False. During the semen collection lab, the boar had a higher sperm concentration.

True

When first inserting an AI rod, what area of the reproductive tract should you try to avoid hitting?

Suburethral diverticulum 

What is the most common substance used to superovulate cattle?

Porcine FSH

What is not a way to administer progestogens for estrous synchronization of livestock?

Transdermal patch

For the 2-injection PGF2a (lutalyse) estrous synchronization protocol in cattle, approximately how far apart are the 2 shots administered?

11 to 14 days

Fusion (or apposition) of pronuclei during the zygotic stage of embryonic development is called?

Syngamy

What is the correct order of the stages of embryonic development?

Compact morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst, expanded blastocyst, hatching blastocyst

What is NOT important for management of estrous synchronization?

Make sure there is a CL present in the cows and heifers

True or False. Heifers can have a varied response to PGF2a during estrous synchronization protocols, depending on their age.

True

True or False. The process of hatching is when the embryonic cellular mass exits the zona pellucida.

True

True or False. Pre-pubertal guilts (noncycling) cannot be effectively synchronized with PG-600.

False

An animal that has some cells that are of one genotype and other cells of a different genotype, not a crossbred animal, would be called?

Chimera 

Where in the zygote are microinjections administered?

Pronucleus 

What is NOT a type of stem cells?

Hepatocytes 

Which hormone does the corpus luteum produce?

Progesterone

True or False. The mare can exhibit prolonged diestrus caused by persistent luteal function.

True

True or False. A side effect of using PGF2a in mares during estrous synchronization is decreased heart rate.

False

What is NOT a reason to use a progestin (progesterone) in horses?

Increase fertility in the mare

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that you evaluated in class when looking at semen samples under the microscope?

Percentage of proximal cytoplasmic droplets

True of False. Sperm that take up the live/dead stain are alive.

False

A hemocytometer is used to determine:

Total sperm concentration

True or false. The formula to calculate total sperm concentration is: 200×40xNx100

False

The ability of a single cell to differentiate into more than one cell type or tissue is called?

Pluripotency

Which portion of the male reproductive tract is NOT stimulated by electroejaculation?

Sensory neurons of the glans penis

Which of the following is NOT a type of sperm tail defect?

Knobbed acrosome

Which of the following is NOT a type of sperm head defect?

Detached head

The ability of a single cell to differentiate and develop into a complete organism is called?

Totipotency

What description best fits the appearance of the sperm-rich fraction of the ejacualte?

Creamy white

What description best fits the appearance of the pre-sperm fraction of the ejaculate?

Clear, alkaline fluid

What size of suture did Dr. White use to close the body wall during surgical embryo collection in the pig?

#2

What size of suture did Dr. White use to close the skin during surgical embryo collection in the pig?

#1

What type of stitch did Dr. White use for the skin suture during surgical embryo collection in the pig?

Continuous mattress

What type of stitch did Dr. White use for the body wall suture during surgical embryo collection in the pig?

Interrupted

What type of needle did Dr. White use to close the body wall during surgical embryo collection in the pig?

Atraumatic

What type of needle did Dr. White use to close the skin during surgical embryo collection in the pig?

Cutting edge

Through which part of the oviduct was the cannula inserted to surgically flush embryos from the oviduct?

Infundibulum

Through which portion of the oviduct was the blunt-ended needle inserted to surgically flush embryos from the oviduct?

Utero-Tubular Junction (UTJ(

What is the name of the anesthetic given to the gilt before surgery? (Full name)

Telazol Atropine Rompun Ketamine (TARK)

At what % abnormality do you discard a sperm sample?

Above 20%

What are the 4 characteristics that you evaluated in class when looking at semen samples under the microscope?

% progressive motility, % live cells, % abnormal cells, and total sperm concentration

What are some environmental factors that can damage sperm samples?

Air temperature, UV rays from sunlight, and water

What is step one in embryo transfer in cows?

Synchronization of recipients with the donor

What is step two in embryo transfer in cows?

Superovulation of donor

What is step three in embryo transfer in cows?

Inseminate donor with semen from genetically superior bull

What is step four in embryo transfer in cows?

Recovery and identification of viable embryos

What is step five in embryo transfer in cows?

Transfer of viable embryos into synchronized recipients

You are in charge of making AI doses from a boar stud to be sent to multiple producers around the state. You have collected a total volume of 200mL of raw semen. You used a 1:150 dilution to look at your sample on the hemocytometer and you counted 132 sperm cells across the 5 diagonal squares. Assuming that the normal amount of sperm cells per AI dose for a boar is around 3 billion, how many AI doses can be made from this ejaculate?

66 doses 

What are the first three steps when palpating a cow?

Remove jewelry/trim nails, put on palpation gloves on non-dominant hand, and lubricate glove 

What are the last three steps when palpating a cow?

Lift tail while inserting hand in a cone shape, clean out feces from rectum and be careful to not get air pockets, and find landmarks and begin palpation

What is the first step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Remove semen straw from the nitrogen tank, keep it protected from sunlight, and place it in the water bath

What is the second step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Keep the gun in a warm place (either shirt or warming sleeve)

What is the third step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Keeping the water bath clean, remove and cover the semen straw and then clip the heat-sealed end

What is the fourth step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Pull back on the gun to allow for extra space so you don’t prematurely eject semen

What is the fifth step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Place straw into the sheath or directly into the gun by placing the sheath over the gun and secure by locking it in or using O ring

What is the sixth step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Gently push up on the gun to remove all air from the straw so semen is at the tip of the straw

What is the seventh step of loading an A.I. gun with semen samples stored in liquid nitrogen?

Place the gun under armpit until ready for use

What type of copulator is a bull?

A short copulator with small volume but high concentration

What type of copulator is a stallion?

An intermediate copulator that has a high volume but low concentration

What type of copulator is a boar?

A sustained copulator that has a high volume but low concentration

What are the four steps of stimulating ejaculation?

Intromission (1), sensory stimulation of glans penis (temperature and pressure) (2), sudden and powerful contraction of urethralis, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscle (3), and expulsion of semen (4)

What makes electroejaculation different?

It is not nearly as close to collection with an artificial vagina as it has lower volume, concentration, and quality 

Why is electroejaculation convenient?

Due to the fact that it is portable and really only a shoot, alley, and additional person is needed

What type of animal would use this AV?

The stallion

What type of animal would use this AV?

The boar

When collecting boars, what is true?

They have to be trained to a phantom mount or dummy

What might boars be treated with when collecting semen?

ProstaglandinF2alpha or luteolyse to stimulate them

Why must you use a powder-free, latex-free glove when collecting boars?

Due to the fact that both are toxic to semen

Why may cow hides be added to an AV?

To add stimulatory things to the male, such as pheromones

True or False. The closer we get to natural mating the better our collection will be

True

Why are jump steers treated with hormones, such as estrogens?

To mimic a female in estrus to allow the bull to be mounted and collected

What are some types of head abnormalities of sperm?

Crater defect (crater vacuoles), tapered, ruffled acrosome, and knobbed acrosome

What are some types of tail abnormalities of sperm?

Coiled, double midpiece, folded, and detached head

What type of motility do we want sperm to exhibit?

Progressive motility 

What is an indicator of sperm in the caput epididymis?

A cytoplasmic droplet that is just below the head

What is an indicator of sperm in the corpus epididymis?

A cytoplasmic droplet moving down the tail

What is an indicator of sperm in the cauda epididymis?

A cytoplasmic droplet that has moved down the tail distally 

How long are gilts set with the boar?

15 to 20 minutes if possible

What are some signs a gilt is in estrus?

Riding each other, standing to be mounted, freezing when sat on, and a swollen, red vulva,

What may be two good indications of a gilt being in or coming into estrus?

The amount of sound they’re making and their receptivity to the boar

What happens to a boar that is in estrus in terms of exposure to a boar?

Their flick their ears to point to the back of their head

What is gilt #11 an example of?

A gilt in estrus or coming into estrus

How do we heat check gilts?

By replicating the boar; press on their backs, knee their flanks, touch their groins, examine their vulva for swollenness and mucus, and observe behavior, such as immobile-ness when mounted

How is it indicated that a gilt is in heat?

A heat symbol (a blue triangle)

What is kept on a heat detection number?

Their #, last day in heat, and a scoring system for each day of the month

What is the scoring for dilation of the vulva?

2-, 2, and 2+

What are the four keys to a gilt being in heat?

Stands under pressure (designated gilt in heat), flicking the ears, unusually active, and dilation of the vulva (2-, 2, 2+)

What do pink dots represent on a heat detection record?

21 days since their last heat cycle

What is the range for the return to estrus in gilts?

18 days to 23 days

What is the process of AI in the gilt?

The AI rod is lubed, inserted in an upward motion, turned counterclockwise, leveled once past the suburethral diverticulum, inserted until it cannot be pulled backwards, and connect to a bottle to dispel the sperm

What degree is semen kept an in the cooltron for boars?

16 degrees Celsius

What may gilts do during AI?

Pull the sperm into the body by herself

Why must you stop just before allowing air into the uterus during gilt AI?

It can cause backflow of the sperm

When removing the AI rod after insemination in a gilt, what should you do?

Remove the rod in a downward, clockwise motion

Why may some AI extension rods have an extension?

To be able to move into the uterine horn to get closer to the site of fertilization, typically with sex semen

What temperature is nitrogen kept at to keep semen frozen?

-196 degrees Celsius

Why might you check records before taking a semen straw out of nitrogen?

To confirm the right cow and confirm the right semen straw from the appropriate bull

How long may you keep a semen straw in the warm water bath?

Up to 30 seconds but no longer than 15 minutes