PORG (MIDTERM): Alkyl Halides

Sources

Chlorine- and bromine-containing natural products have been isolated from various species that live in the sea —sponges, mollusks, and other ocean creatures that adapted to their environment by metabolizing inorganic chlorides and bromides that are prevalent there.

R-X (F, Cl, Br, l)

Alkyl halide formula

Alkyl halides

compounds with a halogen atom bonded to a saturated sp3-hybridized carbon atom

Halogen

-substituted alkanes are named systematically as HALOALKANES

increase-increases

B.p of ethyl halides _____ as the atomic number of the halogen ____

Fluorine

least polarizable of the halogens

iodine

most polarizable of the halogen

polarizability

increased _____ is associated with stronger intermolecular attractive forces of the London dispersion type and therefore with an increased boiling point.

alkyl fluorides

only _____have an atom that can form a hydrogen bond with water.

most water soluble of the alkyl halides.

substitution reaction

electronegative atom or group is replaced by another atom or group

elimination reaction

electronegative atom or group is eliminated, along with a hydrogen from an adjacent carbon

leaving group

Atom or group that departs during a reaction.

Nucleophile

forms bond by donating an electron pair

Bimolecular

means that two molecules are involved in the rate-determining step

methyl halide

alkyl halide

SN2 most reactive

Unimolecular

means that only one molecule is involved in the rate-determining step.

alkyl halide

*laging tertiary

SN1 most reactive

elimination reaction

groups are eliminated from a reactant.

alkene

product of an elimination reaction is an ____.

dehydrohalogenation

Removal of a proton and a halide ion is called ___

CHLORAMPHENICOL

naturally occurring halogen-containing substances have pharmaceutical applications. example is antibiotic ______ produced by Streptomyces venezuelae.

medication is used to treat bacterial eye infections. antibiotic that works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This medication treats only bacterial eye infections. It will not work for other types of eye infections.

GRAY BABY SYNDROME

- an adverse effect to chloramphenicol

-characterized by abdominal distention, hemodynamic collapse, and ashen-gray skin discoloration (neonates).

HALAZONE

- use in disinfecting drinking water

CLOFAZIMINE

- used in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy, including the dapsone-resistant forms

IODOQUINOL (Diiodohydroxyquinoline)

- a luminal or contact amebicide - amoebiasis -intestinal illness -Entamoeba histolytica -spread through human feces

CHLOROQUINE

- antimalarial

MALARIA - Plasmodium parasite (spread through bites of infected FEMALE anopheles mosquito

ENDEMIC

-regularly occurring within an area/ community - in Tropical Africa, Palawan Philippines

HALOTHANE

- gen anesthesia