ANSC 4050 Exam 2

Core

A vaccine of this type is for protection from endemic diseases, and has low enough risk that it can be given to the majority of patients

Risk-based

A vaccine of this type is given based on region and/or type of horse

Zoonotic

A disease that can be transferred between animals and humans

Noncommunicable

A disease that can’t be transmitted directly from host to host

Prophylaxis

An action taken to prevent disease

Encephalomyelitis/myeloencephalitis

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

African Horse Sickness, CEM, EEE/WEE/VEE, WNV, EHVs, EIA, equine piroplasmosis, strangles, vesicular stomatitis

What are the priority reportable equine diseases in AL?

Reportable disease

A disease that a vet reports cases of to the state in order to document and prevent spread

Rabies, EEE/WEE, tetanus, WNV

List the core vaccinations we give to horses

Yes (communicable), virus, mammals, yes (inactivated), 100

Fill in the blanks for rabies:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Vector: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

Yes (noncommunicable), virus, mosquitos, yes (inactivated), 20-40 for WEE and 75-95 for EEE

Fill in the blanks for EEE/WEE:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Vector: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

Yes (noncommunicable), C. tetani neurotoxin, none, yes (inactivated), 100 if untreated and 75-80 if treated

Fill in the blanks for tetanus:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Vector: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

Yes (noncommunicable), virus, mosquitos, yes (inactivated, recombinant w/ adjuvant), 33

Fill in the blanks for West Nile Virus:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Vector: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

Yes (communicable), virus, mosquitos, yes (inactivated), 50-70

Fill in the blanks for VEE:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Vector: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

No (communicable), virus, respiratory and fomite, yes (inactivated, modified live), rare

Fill in the blanks for equine influenza:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: _, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___

No (communicable), virus, respiratory secretions and fluids and fomites, yes (inactivated, modified live), 30-50 for 1

Fill in the blanks for EHV-1 and EHV-4:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

Yes (communicable), Strep. equi subsp. equi , respiratory secretions and fluids + fomites, yes (inactivated, modified live), 40% in complications

Fill in the blanks for strangles:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

No (communicable), equine arteritis virus, respiratory secretions + live cover + AI semen + fomite + in utero, yes, none unless in utero

Fill in the blanks for EVA:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

VEE, EHV-1 and -4, equine flu, strangles, scours, EVA

List the risk-based vaccinations we give to horses

Equine Infectious Anemia, Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, vesicular stomatitis, Contagious Equine Metritis

List the diseases we do not have/give vaccines for

No (noncommunicable), virus, horseflies, no, euthanasia or quarantine required

Fill in the blanks for EIA:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

No (noncommunicable), Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, spores in possum feces, no, 30% never recover

Fill in the blanks for EPM:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

Yes (communicable), virus, none approved, low

Fill in the blanks for strangles:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

No (communicable), Taylorella equigenitalis, live cover + contaminated equipment + AI semen, no, none

Fill in the blanks for CEM:

Zoonotic: ___, Causative agent: ___, Transmission: ___, Vaccine available & what type: ___, Mortality: ___%

0

At this grade on the AAEP lameness scale, lameness is not perceptible

1

At this grade on the AAEP lameness scale, lameness is difficult to observe or not consistent

2

At this grade on the AAEP lameness scale, lameness is difficult to observe but consistently apparent under other circumstances

3

At this grade on the AAEP lameness scale, lameness is consistently observable at a trot

4

At this grade on the AAEP lameness scale, there is obvious lameness

5

At this grade on the AAEP lameness scale, there is minimal weight bearing in motion or the horse is unable to move

3

Any AAEP ranking higher than a ___ disqualifies a horse from shows

Doesn’t perform tasks as well, no longer walks in an outline/frame, change in behavior, saddle slip

Stiff before or after work

List some of the signs of discomfort in a horse

soft

Soft tissue problems tend to be worse on ___ surfaces 

hard

Bone issues tend to be worse on ___ surfaces

inside

When walking in a circle, horses apply more pressure to the hooves on the side ___ the circle

scintigraphy

During this procedure to test for lameness, radio isotopes are IV’d into a horse and concentrate at the area the lameness is at

acepromazine

What is the short-acting sedative used for lameness?

reserpine

What is the long-acting sedative used for lameness?

liniment

Liniment or poultice?

Alcohol component, used w/ a bracer, directions are very important

Poultice

Liniment or poultice?

Soft and often includes clay, premixed or homemade

stereotypic behavior

A repetitive, unvarying behavior w/ no obvious goal or function

10-20

Stereotypic behaviors affect about ___% of the global equid population

cribbing, wood chewing, flank biting, teeth grinding, tongue rolling, lip smacking

List the oral stereotypies we discussed

does

Unlike wind sucking, cribbing ___ involve a horse hooking onto the object first

gastric ulceration

What is cribbing associated w/ in foals?

lower gastric pH

What is cribbing associated w/ in adult horses?

displacement

Cribbing is associated w/ ___ colic

shoulder, chest

Besides the flank, where else do horses usually bite themselves during flank biting?

equine self-mutilation syndrome

Flank biting is also known as what?

Response to pain, misplaced male social behavior, presentation of behavior w/o above

List the three categories of flank biting

mouth/GI tract injuries, wooden enteroliths → colic/impactions, ingesting toxic chemicals

List the consequences of wood chewing

crib rings, cribbing collars/muzzles, crib rollers, modified Forssell’s procedure, metal bars

List some of the ways we manage cribbing

Continual access to quality forage, adequate diet, access to pasture, express their natural behavior

List some of the ways we manage wood chewing

Identify the underlying cause and eliminate it, castration, medication to help calm, enrichment and socialization

List some of the ways we manage flank biting

fiber

Wood chewing can be caused by a ___ deficiency

Keep groups together, ample forage

List some of the ways we manage fence pacing

hormone

For stallions specifically, fence pacing is ___-driven

anxiety

For horses in general, fence pacing is ___-driven

weaving, pawing/kicking, stall walking, fence pacing, head nodding

List the locomotor stereotypies we discussed

Keep groups together, ample forage, larger area for exercise/more exercise

List some of the ways we manage stall walking and weaving

stall walking

When horses are following a repetitious circuit around their stall

weaving

When horses are shifting weight from the left feet to the right feet repeatedly

grain/energy

A high ___ content in the diet can cause stall walking and weaving

Low levels of social interaction, high degree of stalling, especially w/ solid walls, little turn-out, high concentrate-low forage diet, evidence of genetic relationship, stressful competitive life, stressful weaning

List the risk factors for stereotypic behaviors

As much turn out and grazing time as possible, social interaction opportunities, low stress weaning, maximize forage, visual horizons, horse toys

List the ways we can prevent stereotypic behaviors

fertility, performance

Bulls are chosen for ___, while stallions are chosen for ___

12-24, 4-5

A male horse reaches puberty at ___ months of age, and sexual maturity at ___ years of age

temp, pressure, lubrication

What three factors can we change in an AV?

volume, concentration

Total sperm # = ___ x ___

30-50

An extended sample is usually about ___ million sperm/ml

defect

Stallion sperm morphology is categorized by ___

testes

Defects in sperm heads and midpieces, and coiled tails, are often the result of a problem in the ___

ampulla

Detached sperm heads are often the result of a problem w/ sperm storage, usually in the ___

stain

Bent sperm tails are often the result of a problem w/ the ___

long

Droplets on the sperm are often the result of an animal waiting too ___ to ejaculate

48, 6

Live cover breeding should be done ___ hours before or ___ after ovulation

24, 6

AI using cooled semen should be done ___ hours before or ___ after ovulation

12, 6

AI using frozen semen should be done ___ hours before or ___ after ovulation

48, 12

Sperm last for ___ hours cooled and ___ hours frozen

500

A standard insemination dose has ___ mil PM sperm

25-50, 5-20

Extended semen should have ___ mil sperm/ml and be ___% seminal plasma

500

A shipment of semen should have at least ___ mil PM sperm

30, 6-12

Frozen semen is >___% PM, but has a short lifespan of ___ hours

low libido

What is the most common reproductive problem in stallions?

azoospermia

Incomplete ejaculation caused by a blockage in the ampulla or accessory sex glands, which leads to testicular degeneration and congenital abnormalities

urospermia

Urine in the semen = ___

hemospermia

Blood in the semen = ___

oligospermia

Low total sperm # = ___

cow, horse, small ruminants

In which animals can we do ET in?

more

Cows are ___ resistant to damage during ET embryo handling than horses

1

Grade that embryo!

I am spherical and have uniform size, color, and texture

2

Grade that embryo!

I have few extruded blastomeres, irregular shape, and slight separation of my trophoblast

3

Grade that embryo!

I have a collapsed blastocoele, extruded blastomeres, and degenerate cells

4

Grade that embryo!

I have a collapsed blastocoele, many extruded blastomeres, and degenerate cells. However, I am still somewhat viable

5

Grade that embryo!

I am either unfertilized or dead

cow

Cow or mare?

I get a uterine horn flush during ET along with FSH injections over several days. I can perform superovulation, and you can cryopreserve my embryos

mare

Cow or mare?

I get a uterine flush during ET and have 1-2 embryos implanted. You can vitrify my embryos

1

Put the embryo in a donor mare ___ day(s) behind where the embryo is in development

oocyte aspiration/TVA/OPU

During this ART, we can recover an oocyte from the ovary while bypassing the uterus