virology quizzes

Some viruses carry with them the complete machinery for photosynthesis

false

All DNA viruses share one common ancestor

false

Which is the correct order of RNA viruses evolution?

positive sense RNA --> dsRNA --> negative sense RNA

Which virus currently hold the record for "biggest"?

tupnavirus

The movement protein of plant viruses allows them to do what?

cross the plasmodesmata, move from cell to cell

are viruses alive

yes

some viruses are multi-partite

true

Polydnaviruses replicate in their primary host (parasitoids wasps)

false

Viroids are sub-viral entities that do not encode for any proteins, but can replicate and cause disease

true

Which viruses most commonly infect bacteria?

dsDNA

Polyomaviruses enter cells through:

lipid rafts

Which of the following are stages of gene expression for polyoma and papilloma viruses?

early, late

Which proteins in papillomaviruses have the same role as T-ag in polyomaviruses?

E6, E7

A key event in the development of Merkel Cell Carcinoma is:

Truncation of MCPyV T-antigen

Which of the following is true for papillomaviruses but not polyomaviruses?

Have a vaccine, Latent infection

Cancer associated with polyomaviruses infection is a mistake from the point of view of the virus

true

Integration into the host genome is a necssary part of the HPV life cycle

false

Polyomaviruses genomes are:

double stranded DNA

How many origins of replication (ori) do polyomaviruses have in their genome?

1

Which of the followings are a function of the polyomaviruses T-antigen?

- Inactivates p53 and Rb

- Binds the viral ori to initiate viral DNA replication

- Drive cells into S phase

- Shuts off early gene transcription and promotes late gene transcription

Which are the proposed models for how ISGs (Interferon Stimulated Genes) work?

The "Death by a thousand cuts" model

The "Limited set" model

Acyclovir blocks HSV-1 infection by interfering with which step in the viral life cycle

DNA replication

Which HSV-1 protein initiates the immediate-early gene expression:

VP16

What is the key event leading to the shift from early to late gene expression in Herpesviruses

viral DNA replication

from the interior to the exterior, the layers of the Herpesviruses virions are:

DNA, capsid, tegument, envelope

Which step of the HSV-1 life cycle is blocked by TMEFF1?

entry

How many classes of restriction factors are there?

3

ICP0 of HSV-1 is required for:

counteracting host defense responses

During latent infection of herpesviruses:

Viral gene expression is absent or minimal

The genome is maintented as an episome

The core fusion machinery of all herpesviruses is composed of these glycoportiens:

gH

gB

gL

ICP4 of HSV-1 is needed for:

Initiating early gene expression

What kind of genome do Herpesviruses have

double stranded DNA, linear

In which cells does HSV-1 undergoes lytic infection

epithelial cells

The picornavirus genome is:

poly-adenylated, linear

What was the reason for the development of nOPV2?

The ability of the OPV strains to revert to neurovirulence

Which of the following regions of the picornaviruses genome is needed to recruit the host ribosomes?

IRES

How many viral poly-proteins are translated from the picornavirus genome?

1

In which way does picornaviruses transcription, replication and translation differs from that of the host cells?

- RNA dependent RNA transcription

- RNA dependent RNA replication

- Cap independent translation

- Translation of a poly-protein

Which of the following are roles of the picornaviruses proteases?

- Cleave host proteins to interfere with host translation

- Cleave the viral poly-protein to the individual viral proteins

Which of the following is a way by which picornaviruses increase their coding capacity?

Having distinct roles for intermediate cleavage products

The Oral Polio Vaccine is able to prevent ____ paralytic disease ___ gut infection

both, and

Picornaviruses genomes are

positive sense, ssRNA

VPg of picornaviruses is the viral protein responsible for RNA-dependent RNA-polymerization

false

Which of the following belong to the picornaviruses family?

- Enteroviruses

- Polio virus

- Rhinoviruses

In which region(s) of the poxviruses genome we find deletions during growth in cell culture?

3' terminal region

5' terminal region

Which of the following is a member of the poxviruses family?

Vaccinia

Mpox

Smallpox

For poxviruses, early gene transcription occurs inside the virion

true

Which of the following is uniquely found in poxviruses, compared to other DNA viruses we discussed?

RNA polymerase

lateral bodies

Where in the cell do poxviruses replicate their genome?

cytoplasm

Which endocytic route is used by poxviruses to enter the cell?

macropinocytosis

Which of the following is a feature specific to the late genes of poxviruses (compared to the other poxviruses genes)

No terminator in the gene

5' poly-A in the transcript

What is the correct order of the poxviruses transcription / replication?

Early, Replication, Intermediate, Late

How many membranes are present on the poxviruses virion when outside of cells?

2

SARS-CoV-2 variants are only different in their Spike gene

false

Which of the following is a function of the N protein of Coronaviruses:

Bind the viral RNA genome

Help assemble the viral particle

Enhance viral replication and transcription

How are the two polyproteins of Coronaviruses translated from a single viral RNA?

ribosome frame shift

The Spike protein of Coronaviruses is a major antigenic protein and is under constant evolutionary pressure from our immune system

true

What makes Coronaviruses different from other RNA viruses:

proof-reading acitivity

Coronaviruses genomes are

ssRNA

What is the mechanism of action of Paxlovid

Inhibits 3CLpro and prevents polyprotein cleavage

The correct orders of events during Coronaviruses replication is: ____, ____ _____,

- The viral genome is translated into two polyproteins

- The replication transcription complex makes negative sense copies of the viral genome

- The replication transcription complex makes positive strand genomes from the negative strand

The Spike protein of Coronaviruses mediates:

Cell recognition and membrane fusion

Coronaviruses contain multiple open reading frames on one RNA molecule, but eukaryotic ribosomes will only translate the first open reading frame in a transcript. How did Coronaviruses solved this problem?

use sub-genomics RNAs

"Cap-snatching" by Influenza achieves which of the following:

Prime mRNA synthesis

Make sure mRNA is capped

Orthomyxoviruses are:

enveloped, negative sense RNA viruses

How many segments compose the Influenza A virus genome?

8

The Influenza NS1 protein interferes with host translation by

inhibiting poly-adenylation

Which of the following statements about Orthomyxoviruses is correct?

Each viral genome segment is coated by multiple copies of NP and bound to single copy of the RdRp

Which of the following is used by Influenza to increase coding capacity?

Ribosomal frame-shifting

Alternative splicing

Alternative initiation

During the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a scarcity of Influenza infection. This is thought to be the result of

Transmission mitigation steps put in place to stop SARS-CoV-2 spreading

During antigenic shift the HA and NA proteins of Influenza:

Acquire large changes through reassortment

Which of the following is true about amantadine?

Blocks Influenza M2 protein

Not used anymore

The best way to protect from Flu is

get the flu vaccine annually

Which of the following is a function of G protein of rhabdoviruses

Binds receptor

Fuse membranes

When are horses required to be vaccinated against Rabies?

Before traveling interstate

When in a petting zoo

Which protein is the main organizer of the Rhabdovirus virion structure

M (matrix)

The genome of rhabdoviruses is

not capped, not poly-adenylated

Which of the following is a function of the rhabdoviruses RdRp

Capping

transcription

replication

poly-adenylation

Around the world, most human Rabies cases are acquired from rabid dogs

true

The Ervebo vaccine has the __(1)__ glycoprotein engineered into the __(2)__ backbone instead of the __(3)__ protein.

Ebola, VSV, G

Each of the five genes of Rhabdoviruses has its own promoter

false

Why are filoviruses less understood than other members of the mononegavirales?

Due to high biological safety restrictions

How do rhabdoviruses make sure more genomes are replicated in infected cells compared to the anti-genomes?

A stronger affinity of N to the anti-genome

Which of the following are used by retroviruses to increase their coding capacity?

alternative initiation

ribosomal frame shifting

splicing

During reverse transcription, which part is added to the viral genome?

LTR

Which of the following is an enzymatic function of the retroviruses RT?

RNA dependent DNA polymerase

DNA dependent DNA polymerase

RNase H

In theory, HIV infection can be cured

true

the genome of retroviruses is

Capped

poly-adenylated

positive sense RNA

Which is true about the most recent addition to the HIV antiviral drugs (Lenacapivir)

It works by inhibiting the capsid protein

It can be used for PrEP as a half-yearly shot

retroviruses integration is restricted to a single place in the host genome

false

Which of the following is a reason for the extreme genetic diversity of HIV

Frequent mutation during reverse transcription

Multiple cross-species jumps from animals to humans

Extensive virus replication in infected people

Recombination between different HIV strains

AIDS is caused by

HIV depletion of CD4 T-cells