Bio Chapter 8

Miescher

found a substance called nuclein in the nucleus. Collected pus-soaked bandages to find out what white blood cells were made up of

Griffith

Discovered transformation

Avery and McCartry

DNA had to be the substance that caused transformation

Hershey and Chase

determined that hereditary material of bacteriophages is made out of DNA

Bolvin and Venderly

discovered that any member of any individual species contain same DNA.

Mazia

DNA content does not change overtime. DNA is not involved in metabolism. DNA has a sole hereditary role

Chargaff

First Rule:The amounts of thymine and adenine are identical to the amounts of cytosine and guanine. Second Rule: DNA of different species differ in its ratio of adenine and guanine.

Franklin

Used x-ray to discover DNA is a long molecule that is in a repeating pattern every .034 and 3.4 nm

Watson and Crick

Built 3D models of DNA

What are the 3 parts each nucleotide is made up of

Phosphate group, Nitrogenous containing base(4 types), deoxyribose

How many strands does each DNA have

2

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases

Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine

Hydrogen Bond Role

Weakly connect the 2 strands and the nitrogenous bases

Covalent Bond Role

Connect the phosphate and sugar on the outside

What shape is DNA

double helix

what protein does the double helix wrap around

histone

what is the combination of DNA and histones called

nucleosome

what is the most condensed form of DNA

chromosome

what is a diploid

body cell that contains 2 sets of each chromosome

what is a haploid

sex cells that contain 1 set of each chromosome.

what to chromosomes consist of

2 sister chromatids and 1 centromere

what is a karyotype

an image of an individuals diploid set of chromosomes

autosome

chromosome that do not determine gender

sex chromosome

chromosome that determine individuals sex in certain species

xx is a?

female

xy is a?

male

Replication

a cell divides to reproduce, needs to copy its DNA so that each daughter cell contains a copy

what enzyme separates the double helix

helicase

what are primers?

attach to unwound strands

DNA polymerase

starts at the primers and begins to attach new base pairs following base pair rules

DNA ligase

known as the glue, joins the sugar-phosphate backbone in waps of “new” DNA

DNA has 2 ends that are_____?

Anti paralell

how do you know and strand is lagging.

okazaki fragments(little chuncks)

mutations

permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA