Foundations final exam

Cardiorespiratory fitness

ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods

VO2 max

the maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion

males: 20-29 yr old
very poor: 29.0, superior: 66.3
very poor: 21.7, superior: 56.00-29 yr old

steady state HR

HR that varies

WHy assess CRF

- considered one of the best indicators of collective health
-individualization of exercise prescription
-tracking and motivating toward exercise progress
-relation to function in everyday activities

low crf

independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality

Field tests

take place in various nonlaboratory settings; typically administered by a group of people

Submaximal exercise tests

tests with effort limited to submaximal exertion
- typical performed in a lab setting

Disadvantages of maximal test

• participant must exercise to volitional fatigue

• may be inappropriate for some

• may require emergency equipment

Disadvantages of a submaximal test

• based on many assumptions

• could potentially be maximal tests -not a measurement but an estimation/prediction

Advantages to a maximal test

• criterion measurement of Vo2 max

• overall max tests are safe when individual prescreening and guidelines are adhered to

• determines true heart rate max

advantages of submaximal test

• less expensive -less equipment -maximal test isnt always feasible

• generally quicker/easier to administer -no medical supervision -safer for those with disease

Field test assessment modes

Rockport one mile fitness walking test

• cooper 12 minute run test -ymca step test

• queens college step test

Cycle ergometer assessment modes

ymca cycle ergometer test

Treadmill assessment mode

Vo2 max test

elliptical assessment mode

elliptical submaximal test

Factors to consider when deciding what method to use

• reasons for the test -risk level

• cost

• equipment and facilities required

• time required

• personnel required: how many people

Submaximal test assumptions

- steady state HR is achieved for each exercise stage

- a linear relationship exists between

HR( between 110-150 bpm) and Vo2

- the difference between actual and predicted maximal HR is

minimal

-Everyone is able to maintain the desired cadence/speed

Submaximal tests: sources of error

- prediction of HR max by age

- efficiency of the participant performing the test in ergometer

- equipment calibration

-accurate measurement of HR during each stage

- Having a steady state HR at each stage

Predicting maximal HR

- predicted maximal HR is fundamental to administering submaximal tests

- HR predicted by equations with standard error ranges between 10-15 bpm

APMHR equation

220-age

APMHR robust equation

HR max: 208-0.7 x age

General procedures for submaximal testing of CR fitness

1. obtain resting HR and BP immediately prior to exercise in the exercise posture

2. the participant should be familiarized with the ergometer

3. The exercise test should begin with a 2-3 minute warm up t acquaint the participant with the cycle ergometer and prepare him/her for the exercise intensity in stage 1 of the test

4. A specific protocol should consist of 2- or 3-minute stages with appropriate increments in work rate.

4. A specific protocol should consist of 2- or 3-minute stages with appropriate increments in work rate.

5. HR should be monitored at least 2 times during each stage, near the end of minute 2 and 3 of each stage. If HR is >110 bpm, HRss should be reached before the workload is increased.

6. BP should be monitored in the last minute of each stage and repeated (verified) in the event of a hypotensive or hypertensive response.

7. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and additional rating scales should be monitored near the end of the last minute of each stage.

8. Participant's appearance and symptoms should be monitored and recorded regularly.

9. 8.The test should be terminated when the participant reaches 70% HRR (85% APMHR), fails to conform to the exercise test protocol, experiences adverse signs or symptoms, request to stop, or experiences an emergency situation.

10. An appropriate cool-down/recovery period should be initiated consisting of either

¤Continued exercise at a work rate equivalent to that of stage 1 of the exercise test protocol or lower or

¤A passive cool-down if the participant experiences signs of discomfort or an emergency situation occurs

11. 8.All physiologic observations (e.g., HR, BP, signs, and symptoms) should be continued for at least 5 minutes of recovery unless abnormal responses occur, which would warrant a longer posttest surveillance period. Continue low-level exercise until HR and BP stabilize, but not necessarily until they reach pre exercise levels.

General indications for stopping an exercise test

1) Onset of angina or angina-like symptoms

2) Drop in SBP of ≥ 10 mm Hg with an increase in work rate or if SBP decreases below the value obtained in the same position prior to testing

3) Excessive rise in BP: systolic pressure >250 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure > 115 mm Hg

4) Shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, or claudication

5) Signs of poor perfusion: light-headedness, confusion, ataxia, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or cold and clammy skin

6) Failure of HR to increase with increased exercise intensity

7) Noticeable change in heart rhythm by palpation or auscultation

8) subject requests to stop

9) physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue

10) Failure of the testing equipment

pre test standardizations for CRF assessment

- wear comfortable exercise type clothing

- avoid tobacco and caffeine 3 hours prior to the test

- avoid alcohol 12 hours prior to the test

-have plenty of fluids and avoid strenuous exercise for the previous 24 hours

- obtain an adequate amount of sleep the night before the test

- complete informed process

- complete PAR Q or other health screening tool

- explain rpe scale

Rockport One-Mile Fitness Walking Test

1.Use a flat, dry surface of a known distance

2.Walk as quickly as possible at a steady pace for one mile

3.Record the time it takes to complete 1 mile

4.Measure HR immediately after completing the mile

5.Convert MIN:SEC time to X.XX min by dividing SECONDS by 60 and adding to the minutes

¤Example: a time of 14:30 would be converted to 14.50 min

Calculating VO2 max - walking

estVO2max (ml/kg/min) = 132.853

- [0.0769 * Weight (kg)]

- [0.3877 * Age (yr)]

+ [6.315 * Gender (females = 0; males = 1)]

- [3.2649 * Time (mile time to nearest X.XX min)]

- [0.1565 * HR]

Cooper 12 minute run test

1.Use a flat,dry surface of a known distance (track is most appropriate)

2.Have the subject warm-up

3.Run, walk, or use a combination of running and walking to cover the maximum distance in 12 minutes

4.Calculate or measure the distance covered in 12 minutes

Vo2 max for run test

EstVO2 (ml/kg/min) = (Distance in meters - 504.9)/44.73

YMCA Step Test Protocol

1.Set up bench for12 inches

2.Set up the metronome to the required steps/minute pace

¤96 beats/min à 24 steps/min

3.On "Go" start the test making sure subject's maintain pace

¤"Up, up, down, down"

4.At the end of 3 minutes stop the test

5.Immediately measure HR for __1__ minute

6.Compare post-exercise HR to norm charts

Elliptical submaximal test protocol

1.Find a Precor EFX 546 Elliptical Crosstrainer

¤Incline settings: 1-20

¤Resistance settings: 1-20

2.Calculate 55% of the subject's HRmax

3.Set the elliptical to an incline of 6 and resistance level of 3

4.The client should hold the stationary handles throughout the test

5.Have the client stride at a cadence of 100 strides/minute for 1 minute

6.Increase the cadence by 10 strides/minute every minute until 55% of age-predicted HRmax is attained

¤Maintain this cadence throughout the rest of the test

7.Increase the resistance to level 9 (maintain an incline of 6)

8.Start the stopwatch and have the client continue for 5 minutes

9.Measure and record the HR in the last 30 seconds

10.Calculate estVO2max using the equation on the data sheet

interpretation of estimated VO2 max results

¨What do these units mean???

¤L/min

-Liters of O2 used per minute

-Absolute units