Chapter 13 Vocabulary

South Carolina Exposition (1828)

proposed that states had the right to nullify the treaty of abomonations

"Corrupt Bargain"

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe.

"Old Hickory"

Nickname for Andrew Jackson because he was a strict and bold military officer during the war of 1812

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

1828 "Tariff of Abominations"

raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Clay's compromise tariff of 1833

slowly lowered tariffs over the next decade

Force Bill (1833)

The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832.

"Five Civilized Tribes"

five tribes that had developed extensive economic ties with whites or had assimilated into American settler culture.

(Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole)

Supreme Court - support of Indian rights

1828 Georgia legislature declared cherokee council illegal. Supreme court upheld the rights of Indians.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

"Trail of Tears"

A journey marched by tribes to present day Oklahoma. (Put in place by Andrew Jackson)

Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836)

Responsible for distributing land and adequate supplies to anyone willing to farm as well as maintaining peaceful between the reservation and its neighbors.

Black Hawk and Seminole Wars

a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Webster/Clay and Recharter Bill (1832)

Pushed for renewal of Banks charter for 4 years

Election of 1832

Jackson won reelection over Henry Clay in the midst of the nullification crisis

"Pet" Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Specie Circular (1836)

An executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring payment for government land to be in gold and silver.

Whig Party

Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. 8th president

Panic of 1837

a severe economic depression

"Divorce Bill"

An unsuccessful 1837 bill in the U.S. Congress which prefigured the Independent Treasury. Local and personal Acts of Parliament (United Kingdom) or its predecessors, to grant a divorce.

Texas

28th state

Stephen Austin (1823)

led americans settlers into texas and later was one of the leaders of the texas rebellion against mexico.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Santa Anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans

Battle of San Jacinto (1836)

Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas