Lactation and Milk Production

Lactation

What is producing milk by the mammary gland called

Aveoli

what is a cluster of aveolus called?

secrete cells within alveolus

what makes the milk in the mammary glands?

Lumen

Where is milk stored after it is made

Gland cistern, teat cistern, streak canal, outside of teat

What are the 4 ducts that milk moves through

oxytocin

What hormone initiated contractions within mammary glands to pull milk out of alveoli?

5-9 years

When does milk production peak for beef?

5-8 years

When does milk production peak for dairy cattle?

3-4th litter

When does milk production peak for swine?

Maximum production

Genetics + Nutrition + management + Health =

Mastitis

What bacterial infection decreases the production of milk, and inflames the mammary glands?

Lactose

What is the main carbohydrate in milk?

Lactase

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

Ca, P

What minerals are in milk?

A, D, E, K

What vitamins are in milk?

Casein

What is the main protein in milk?

100F

What is the temperature of the milk out of a cow?

35-40F

What is the milk cooled to after it has been collected?

Pasteurization

What process kills pathogens in milk?

Ultra-high-temperature processing

What is the name for the process of heating the milk to 280F for 2 seconds to sterilize the product. It gives it a longer shelf life.

161F for 15 seconds

During normal pasteurization, what is the milk heated to and how long?

Homogenization of milk

What is the process of suspending the fat particles throughout the entirety of the milk called?

rises to top

Where does the fat do if milk is left sit?

88%

What percent of milk is water

8%

what percent of milk is SNF

4%

What percent of milk is fats

Rickets or osteoporosis

lack of Ca and vitamin D results in

Jersey and guernsey

What type of cattle have high carotene in milk?

carotene

What can be converted into vitamin A

False

T/F: Milk is high in Iron (Fe)

Grade A

Which milk quality grade is what we drink?

Grade B

Which milk quality grade is what we use for deairy products?

3.25%

What percent of fat does whole milk have?

less than 0.5%

What percent of fat does skim milk have?

Fat

___ Gives us flavor

Whipping cream

What can we use the cream that floats to the top of milk for?

Churned from cream

How is butter produced from milk?

Evaporated milk

What concentrated milk product is taking out about half of the water in the milk?

sweetened condensed milk

What concentrated milk product is when water is removed and sugar is added

Dry milk

What concentrated milk product is when all the water is removed, and it can be reconstituted into milk

Bacteria is added which changes lactose to lactic acid

how are cultured products made?

Buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt

What are cultured milk products?

10lbs of milk

How many pounds of milk does it take to make a pound of cheese

milk fat

What gives flavor to cheese

cottage cheese, cream cheese

When milk is separated in curds and whey, unripen will result in

Cheddar, provolone, swiss

When milk is separated in curds and whey, ripened will result in

Cheese sauces, immitation

When milk is separated in curds and whey, processed will result in

prevents ice crystals

What do stabilizers in ice cream do

Keeps fat and water together

What do emulsifiers in ice cream do

Air

What does soft serve ice cream have mixed into it

frozen custards

What kind of frozen product has egg yolk solids and milk fat?

Sherberts

What are cultured dairy products with sugar and added flavors

convenience, health, price, taste/flavor

What are the 4 reasons on why consumers by broilers?

A, B, C

What are the USDA quality grades for poultry?

Deformities on flesh, tears in skin, pin feathers

What are the USDA quality grades for poultry based on?

75-78%

What is the average dressing percentage of boilers?

Whole, cut up, or deboned

How can the broiler be sold?

Free-range

What production label would a broiler get if it was raised outside?

Natural product

What production label would a broiler get if there were no added ingredients?

Organic

What production label is when there are no antibodies, chemicals, and the broilers are only fed organic ingredients

Antibiotic free

ABF

controlled lighting

In the laying housed, what is special about the lighting?

candling eggs

What is the process of shining light into the egg to look for deformities called?

60%

What percent of albumen is in the egg?

30%

What percent of yolk is in the egg?

10%

What percent of the shell is the egg?

Calcium carbonate

What is 95% of the shell made out of in eggs?

bloom/cuticle

what is the protective coating in the egg?

251

What is the average amount of eggs we eat per year

AA, A, B

What are the quality grades for eggs?

Shell, albumen, yolk and air cell condition

What are the quality grades based off of for eggs?

Small, medium, large, extra-large, and jumbo

What are the different sizes of eggs?

2oz

What is the average weight of egg

Eggs in carton

what is the most used egg product that most common size is the medium egg.

Unhealthy, they had poor experiences, food safety, and animal welfare

Why do consumers fear meat?

Increased demand for meat

What did the production of convenience foods, and quick-fix foods do to the demand of Meat

60-75%

What is the composition of water in meat?

Actomyosin

What is the main protein in meat?

1-12%

What range of fat percent is the composition of meat?

Vitamin B12, Thiamine, A, D, E , K

What are the main Vitamins in Meat?

Broilers and turkeys

What animals is the lowest in cost?

beef

What meat is the most expensive to buy?

50%

What percent of meals ate ate by carry-out

50%

What percent of meals are ate at our desk?

25%

What percent of our calories are eaten as snack foods

10%

What percent of foods are ate in the car

30 minutes

On average, how many minutes are spent cooking out meals

To increase value

Why are meats fabricated?

Side (1/2) ---> Quaters (1/4) ---> Primal's (wholesale cuts) ---> Subprimals ---> Retail cuts (in meat package)

What is the fabrication process?

Individual portions of meat

What are retain cuts?

Roasts

What are larger &/or thicker cuts?

Steaks or chops

what are the thin cuts of meat?

By looking at the bone, muscle, and color of the muscle

How can we identify the cut of meat?

It tells us where the cut of meat came from

What can the bone show us to help us identify where the cut came from?

we can look at the # of muscles, texture of the cut, and size of the cut

How can looking at the muscle help us identify where the cut came from?

Bright cherry

What color red is beef?

Light pinkish

What color red is lamb?

dark cherry

What color red is pork?

Femure

where would a round bone cut of meat be located?

lumbar vertebrae

Where would a pork rib bone be located