Exams (1, 2, & 3))

what does the abstract of a research article include?

what does the abstract of a research article include?

main point of the article, what was found/explored

what does the introduction of a research article include?

the first few paragraphs should contain the main premise, big chunk in the middle contains background info, and the final paragraph should have the hypothesis/research question

what should the methods of a research article include?

procedure for the experiment (what was tested and on whom), demographics and sample size, key variables

what should the results of a research article include?

graphs, charts and figures, statement of collected data

what should the discussion of a research article include?

first 1-3 paragraphs should include the main findings of a study, then how it sheds light on previous research, what limitations were present, any future possible research questions, and then the final paragraph is conclusion (generally fluff)

what are the two most unique features of humans compared to other animals?

long-term planning and social complexity

if all animals have the same behavior its a(n) ----- not a(n) -----.

instinct; conscious plan

in a study where chimps were given as much food they wanted, but only at one time of day (in the morning), what was the result?

chimps never saved any food for later, showing lack of long term planning

in primates, social group size is correlated with the relative size of the neocortex. how big of a social groups were humans evolved for?

150ish

what does the term evolutionary mismatch mean?

it is where our cognitive and behavioral instincts evolved for 10,000 years ago with 150 people in our social groups and no books, which is very different from the way we live life today

when making diagnoses/predictions about reality, statistics ----- outperforms even experts in the field

virtually always

variable ratio reinforcement was adapted for survival, but in the modern world can lead to

non-substance addictions like gambling

in a study were participants were randomly assigned to read descriptions of everyday human behaviors, where some p’s were told the information would be on a test, and some p’s were told to make an inference about the type of person that was described, what was the result?

the participants who were told to make an impression of the person the experimenters described were able to remember more detail’s of that person’s day than the participant’s who were told to memorize for a test

what is sociometer theory of self-esteem?

self-esteem functions as a gauge for social acceptance

what is Dr. Adams claim of what the self is?

the self represents our long-term plan for social acceptance

what is negativity bias?

negative information grabs our attention in our brain

about 7,000 years whats was the turning point that changed human evolution?

organized agriculture

data provides better insights about reality, but our minds are evolved to trust -----

stories

in a study where participants memorized 40 adjectives in one of four conditions (structural, phonemic, semantic, or self-reference) which condition was able to memorize the most and what effect does this show?

the self-reference condition and the self-reference effect

in a study where participants played a video came of catch where the participant was excluded and fMRI images showed the physical pain area of the brain light up, what was the effect named?

cyberballing

in a study where babies were shown a red circle struggling to get up a hill, where a blue square helped the circle and a yellow triangle pushed the circle down the hill, what results were found? what conclusions were drawn?

babies almost always picked the blue square when given a choice between the square and the triangle. this shows that even babies recognize prosocial behavior

what is automatic egotism?

“if it’s life me or related to me, its good; if it’s unlike me or unrelated to me, its bad”

in an experiment where participants either were given a mug and asked to price it for sale or shown a the mug and asked how much they would buy it for, the participants who were the sellers priced the mug much higher than the buyers were willing to pay. what effect does this demonstrate?

the endowment effect

in another endowment effect study, participants either got to choose a lotto ticket/baseball card or were given no choice of card. when asked to sell back their card, what were the results?

participants who had chosen their card would sell back for a much higher average

what does emotional contagion show?

you become the people you spend time with (happy people in your social network leads to you being happier)

what are mirror neurons and why are they important?

they are when areas of your brain light up similarly to those of someone who is completing an action or feeling an emotion that you observe. they are important for empathy, but also learning.

what did the x-box effect show?

people who had friends or roommates that played x-box or other video games studied an average of 30 minutes less a day which lead to about a .2 lower GPA average

what is the law of effect?

actions that result in positive feelings are more likely to be repeated

the brain likes to ---- feeling socially accepted, even if evidence is incomplete.

“talk itself into”

in one study, students rated receiving a boost to their self-esteem as more pleasurable than----

eating their favorite food, drinking, having sex, seeing their best friend, or receiving a paycheck

what is self-enhancement bias?

the tendency for humans to interpret reality in a way that makes us feel better about ourselves

what is mnemic neglect?

in autobiographical memories, we are more likely to remember positive self-concept memories than negative ones

we respond to self-threats by making ------- to others less fortunate than ourselves

downward social comparisons

what are the three types of positive illusions?

above-average effect, illusion of control, and optimistic bias

what does the dunning-kruger effect study show?

we all percieve ourselves as a little bit above average whether we have the lowest IQ or the highest IQ.

what are some examples of the way we see illusion of control day to day?

yelling ‘go’ at a stoplight or a slow car, throwing dice harder for a higher number or softer for lower numbers, rapidly pressing elevator buttons to get it to go faster.

in a study demonstrating illusion of control, participants were asked to flip a coin and tried to predict the outcome. what was the result of this study?

40% thought they would do better if they had more time to practice

in class we did an experiment where Dr. Adams asked us questions like “how many of you think you will get divorced one day?” or “how many of you think you will get cancer one day?”. what positive illusion did this experiment show?

optimistic bias

what is dangerous about having high self-esteem?

bullies have high self esteem, leads to increased stereotyping, detrimental persistence (like the guy Dr. Adams played ball with at the gym that just wouldn’t give up on this girl)

in the study where participants had to choose between two photos of women, the experimenters switched the photos for some p’s before showing them the photos again and asked the p’s to explain why they liked the photo even though it was the photo they had originally chosen. what was the result?

most participants still defended why they chose the photo (even though they didn’t)

when asked to choice a piece of artwork, some p’s were asked to defend why they picked it while the others weren’t. after some time, the p’s who did have to defend why they chose it like their artwork ----- than p’s who didn’t have to defend their choice.

less

what is affective forcasting?

how you think you’'ll feel in the future

a common error in affective forecasting is thinking feelings will be ----- and last ---- than reality.

more intense, much longer

what effect is seen in the study where women are more likely to go on a date if the man is approved by other women?

surrogation

what is the theory of mind?

our own inferences regarding the minds of others

in the false-belief task study, kids were shown two dolls where one placed a cube in a box and then left. the second doll then moved the cube from the box to a basket. where did the kids who had a ToM believe the first doll would think the cube was?

in the box

in the appearance-reality task, kids were presented with a playdough container that didn’t contain playdough, but only they were shown the contents. when asked what their parents would think was in the container, kids who had a ToM would answer?

that their parents would think there was playdough in the container

what is the ToM useful for?

empathy and perspective taking, explaining other’s behaviors, differentiating others’ emotions and intentions from our own, and deception (being deliberate about how you present yourself to others)

what is the synonym of standards (which are defined as ideas of how we’re “supposed” to look and behave) that is really good for social psych in particular?

prescriptive norms

what does woop stand for?

wish, outcome, obstacle, plan

----- norms are how people act, whereas ---- norms are the ideal or standard.

descriptive; prescriptive

around what age does the recognition of standards begin?

age 2

in social psych what were some ways to raise participant’s self-awareness?

tell p’s they’re being recorded (audio/visual), have them sit in front of a mirror, have them think they’re being observed, occasionally call out their full name

when you are in a situation where your self-awareness is activated and is uncomfortable, people tend to react in one of three ways.

improving/changing their behavior, altering their standards (f*** you), or trying to become less aware (escape)

in a study where participants took an extremely hard puzzle solving test in which the answers were at the back, those who were listening to a recording of their own voice/sat in front of a mirror cheated ----- than those who had no mirror/recording.

MUCH LESS (7% vs. 71%)

in a study where p’s were asked to read statements about women that were consistent or discrepant with their own views, when they went to go sit in the waiting room, what happened?

p’s who read discrepant statements sat with their back to a mirror, whereas p’s who read consistent statements sat facing the mirror

why is using alcohol a “vicious cycle”?

drink a lot → do stupid shit → drink more to forget stupid shit you did → cycle repeats

self regulation is essentially

impulse control

the social brain hypothesis states that humans evolved big, fancy brains to -----

gossip more effectively

----- involves comparing our behavior to standards

self-monitoring

what is the belief called that self-control works like a muscle

ego depletion

in a study where participants were asked to skip lunch and how up hungry than were asked to wait with either radishes and cookies but were only allowed to eat radishes, the same but could eat whatever they wanted, or no food present. they then had to complete a difficult puzzle task. what was the result?

the radish condition quit the fastest

what is p-hacking?

manipulating scientific investigations and data-analyses so that “statistically significant” relationships are more likely to occur

goal pursuit involves both --- and ---- processing

automatic and deliberate

the spreading activation theory states that

when a concept is called to your attention, related concepts are more easily accessible

when creating specific goals, --------- follow the pattern “when --- (specific circumstance), i will ----- (specific action)”

implementation intentions

when students were asked to give optimistic and pessimistic estimations for when they would finish their thesis more people finished before their ------

pessimistic estimate

the belief that one’s project will proceed as planned, even despite all evidence to the contrary is called the --------

planning fallacy

during goal pursuit, when is motivation the strongest?

beginning and end

the more publicly one states their attitudes -----

the more committed they are to those attitudes

when people observe their own behavior and form attitudes accordingly, this is called

self-perception theroy

system one = -----, system two = -------

automatic (fast) processing, deliberate (slow) processing

almost all of our thinking occurs in system ----

1

society says STOP (system --), nature says GO (system --)

2, 1

in the popcorn study were p’s were asked if they were habitual popcorn eaters or not then p’s were randomly given either fresh popcorn or stale, week-old popcorn, what was the result?

non-habitual eaters only ate the fresh popcorn, while habitual eaters ate both equally

when do we get stressed out?

negative emotional and physiological reactions resulting from perceived threats to important goals, ESPECIALLY when we view these threats as insurmountable

the fight or flight response is also sometimes referred to as the -----

fight, flight, or freeze response

true or false: the fight or flight response is two different responses

false

heart acceleration, inhibition of saliva, dilation of pupils, increased sweating, etc are all symptoms of -----

fight or flight response

what are the two false positive responses we talked about in class?

false appraisals of bodily responses and of other’s intentions

the false appraisals of other’s intentions, where you view most things others do as malicious towards you is attributed to which bias?

hostile attribution bias

what are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

the alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage

what occurs during the alarm stage?

FF response

what occurs during the resistance stage?

start to clear out stress; if stressors subside → body returns to homeostasis; if stressors remain → body learns to live with them

what are some health risks associated with stressors remaining during the resistance stage?

high blood pressure, high cortisol levels, irritability, frustration, fatigue

what occurs during the exhaustion stage?

fatigue, burnout, depression, anxiety

chronic stress is also known as -------- and leads to burnout along with a slew of health conditions

running your system too hot

what are the three distinct and measurable component of burnout?

emotional exhaustion, negativity towards people (cynicism), less effective in personal and professional accomplishments

what is trait anxiety?

when a person’s character is to be anxious, or they are anxious all the time (i.e. someone with GAD)

what is state anxiety?

anxiety that occurs during a particular situation (i.e. giving a big presentation to a large audience)

what are thought patterns that cause negative “unfair”, and dire interpretations of reality?

cognitive distortions

what are the types of cognitive distortions we covered in class?

magnification/minimization, catastrophizing, overgeneralizing, jumping to conclusions, all-or-nothing thinking/splitting

in ----- failures are magnified, while in ----- successes are minimized

magnification, minimization

obsessing over the worst possible interpretation of a situation or future event, no matter how unlikely

catastrophizing

“I am a failure as a student, I never do well” : this is an example of -------.

overgeneralization

jumping to conclusions, also known as -----, uses minimal evidence to draw conclusions that others evaluate you negatively

mind-reading

in the example where a person with GAD does a diet where they do great for two weeks then eat one bite of ice cream after dinner, conclude “I’ve failed my diet!” : this was an example of which cognitive distortion?

splitting/ all-or-nothing thinking

thinking about cognitions as a bad habit and noticing when you have them, then forgiving yourself for them is step one in the ---- practice popular in CBT.

noting

what is ironic thought suppression?

intentionally thinking “don’t think about it” then you think about that thing

what are some symptoms of burnout?

loss of ambition, powerlessness, negative emotions, perceived unmanageable stress, physical ailments, and lower performance