Human Populations and Urban Systems (IB)

Demographics

study of dynamics of population change

Crude Birth Rate

(# of births/pop)*1000Crude Death Rate: (# of deaths/pop)*1000

Natural Increase Rate

rate of human growth ((CBR-CDR)/10)

Doubling Time

time it takes in years for pop to double in size

Human Development Index

a measure of well being of a country

Renewable natural capital

can be generated/replaced as fast as it is being used

Non-renewable natural capital

• either irreplaceable or only replaced over geological timescales (fossils, minerals)

Natural Capital

resource that has value to humans

Capital includes:

• Natural sources with value (trees, water)

• Natural sources that provides services (flood protection)

• Processes (water cycle)

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model

high stationary (high birth due to no birth control,high infant mortality rates, large families due to culturalfactors, high death rates due to famine and little medicine)

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model

early expanding (death rate drops, diseasereduces, lifespan increases, birth rate still high, childmortality falls)

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Model

late expanding (birth rates fall due to contraceptives, education, empowerment, poplevels off, smaller families, low infant death rate)

Stage 4 of Demographic Transition Model

low stationary, low birth and death rates, industrialized countries, stable pop)

Stage 5 of Demographic Transition Model

declining, fertility rate low, problems of ageing workforce

Strategies for waste disposal

Landfills, Incinerators, Anaerobic Digestion, Domestic Organic Waste

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely given the resources available.