Studied by 58 peopleCaudal mediastinum includes trachea a. true b. false
false
Where is the right kidney located?
cranial, lies against the liver at the level of T13
Where is the left kidney located?
L1-L3
Acute bronchitis: on the radiogram we see alveolar pattern a. true b. false
false
Maximal of vertebral heart score for Irish wolfhound is 11.5 a. true b. false
false
Write me a lung pattern in lobar pneumona
alveolar
Cranial mediastinum include silhouette of heart a. true b. false
false
Negative bronchogram is typical for bronchial pattern a. true b. false
false
Radiographic report: pathology, status of trachea, heart, lung, etc.
cat, latero lateral position X ray of the thorax nice and clear radiolucent trachea big radiolucent zone between the long and the sternum which indicate many air present the lung are compressed many air radiolucent zone present in triangular shape on the dorsal caudal next to the diaphragma this is a pneumothorax
Cardiomegaly: vertebral heart score is 9.8 a. true b. false
false
Radiographic Report
Lateral projection, right side Pathology: spondylosis deformans all lumbar vertebrae, dilated stomach due to stomach torsion pushing the intestine dorsally and cranially), lots of gas in the large intestine
Write me the nae of positive contrast medium for cystography
non-ionic organic iodine through catheter
Dose of positive nonresportion contrast medium for digestive apparatus is 350-1000 ml/kg a. true b. false
false
Barium sulfate is positive contrast medium for normograde urography a. true b. false
false
Write me correct VHS for dog
8.5-10.6
X-ray study: Physiological size of cat's kidney is 2 cm a. true b. false
false
Write me name of blue and yellow parts
Blue: fundus Yellow: Pylorus
Which is ectopic ureter and name two common types?
ureter not entering urinary bladder in trigonum, but at different site (vagina, rectum, uterus);
Extramural bypasses the bladder completely, and ureters enters at urethra or vagina.
Intramural enters the bladder at correct location, but tunnels down the wall of urethra before opening
Fundus of stomach is VD position on left side of patient a. true b. false
true
Radiographic report
Lateral projection Adult dog radiolucent trachea increased radiopacity in lungs showing nodular lung patterns circular densities - metastatic reaction
On 30 day pregnancy we can count the skulls on the radiograph a. true b. false
false
Is radiolucent mass between the colon descendens and the vertebrae in the LL position of the patient? a. true b. false
true
Types of tracheal collapse
congenital acquired extrathoracic (during inspiration) intrathoracic (during expiration)
Describe the main radiological symptoms of pneumothorax on radiograph in LL position
heart is raised from the sternum gap between caudodorsal lung margin and spine increased opacity of the lungs
Write the pulmonary patterns
normal alveolar interstitial (structured/nodular or unstructured) bronchial mixed (bronchointerstitial) vascular
Describe radiologically the chest cavity effusion
there will be a radio-opaque area either at the ventral end of the thoracic cavity (VD) or filling the entire cavity. Borders are barely visible but there is "scalloping" of lung edges due to retraction from thoracic wall
What passes through the cranial mediastinum?
lymph nodes trachea
What contrast agent and what dose would you use during the examination of GIT?
Positive contrast: sciabarium per os or per rectum 12 ml/kg or iodine if there are perforations in GIT Negative contrast: 30-300 ml of air
Where is physiologically located spleen on the radiograph in VD position?
caudal to the stomach, connected to left abdominal cavity
Stomach of a dog is located at:
cranial abdomen
What is pneumoperitoneum?
air in the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
What are the caused of pneumoperitoneum?
puncture of the peritoneum air trapped during surgery gas produced by bacterial infection
What passes through the retroperitoneal space?
ureters, kidneys, vena cava caudalis, abdominal aorta, sublumbar lymph nodes, prostate gland, urinary bladder neck
What is the physiological renal size?
dogs: 2.5-3x the size of L2 entire cats: 2.1-3.2 x the size of L2 neutered cats: 1.9-2.6x the size of L2
What density do ureters have on the radiograph, and what do we call their point of entry into the bladder?
soft tissue (not visible) ostium ureteris on trigona vesicae
What contrast medium would you use to study radiolucent foreign bodies in the urinary bladder?
nonionic organic iodine 10mg/kg BW
How and where is physiologically visible the full urinary bladder on the radiograph?
extraperitoneal with caudal pointing neck. The body of the bladder will hang cranio-ventrally and be more rounded when full
From which day can we diagnose pregnancy in bitches radiologically, and why?
45 ossification of foetuses begins then
How is pyometra visible on LL radiograph?
Dilation of the uterine horns seen as convoluted soft tissue opacity extending cranially to the mid-abdomen and displacing the jejunal loops yet more cranially Enlargement of the uterine body is recognised as a tubular soft tissue opacity between the colon and the bladder, displacing the descending colon dorsally
Mediastinum: what runs through it?
lymph nodes blood vessels trachea eosophagus vasosympathetic trunk
What can we see in the caudal mediastinum?
plica vena cava oesophagus
Time for barium to reach to colon a. >60 b. 60-90 c. 90+ (3-5 hours)
90+ (3-5 hours)
How long should an animal be starved prior to radiogram of GIT?
12 hours, 12-24 hours as needed enema: 2-3 hours before
How much sciabarium should be given for radiogram of GIT?
12 mg/kg
Where is pylorus located? a. right b. middle c. left
right
Location of the spleen a. ventrolumbar b. ventroabdominal c. not visible
ventroabdominal
Describe the position of the caecum
VD: located to the right of the midline at the level of L3-L4
What can stop contrast medium in the small intestine?
obstruction by foreign material
What can improve the visibility of the small intestine?
contrast medium
Causes of dilated oesophagus
vascular ring anomaly megaoesophagus foreign bodies diverticula hiatial hernia stenosis
What gets stuck in the oesophagus in megaesophagus?
air, fluid, food
Location of stomach: pylorus, body, fundus in VD
In VD projection: Dog: U-shaped, Cat: J-shaped. Pylorus: Right Body: Midline/left Fundus: Left
Where is localisation of duodenum in VD position?
on left side (caudal to stomach, connected to left abdominal cavity)
Colon descendens ventrodorsal located:
on left side; extends caudally to the left mid-dorsal abdomen
Colon transversus VD location
Extends from right to left caudal to stomach
Colon ascendens position in VD:
Cranially in the mid-adbomen to the right of midline
We see gall bladder in regular radiogram?
NO – Because of fluid silhouette effect
We see stomach in caudal part of abdominal cavity Lateral-Lateral?
No - Only if there is dislocation, tympany or dilatation
What we see in Torsion?
Stomach turns and changes position, soft tissue bands across the stomach
Fundus in Lateral-Lateral position is located:
Dorsally. If found ventrally there is gastric torsion.
How many ml of contrast medium we use for positive contrast medium to observe GIT?
Sciabarium per os 12ml/kgContrast mediums for GIT. List
Contrast mediums for GIT. List 2
Skiabarium 12ml/kg bw.
Iodine 2-3 ml/kg bw
Double contrast: 1ml/kg barium and inflation of air.
What contrast media is used for ruptured oesophagus?
Aqueous iodine solutions should be used for perforations as they are non-toxic. Radiograph needs to be taken immediately after administration of the contrast agent. Liquid barium sulphate does not adhere well to the oesophageal lumen
Describe radiologically the chest cavity effusion:
There will be a radio-opaque area either at the ventral end of the thoracic cavity (VD) or filling the entire cavity. Borders are barely visible but there is “scalloping” of lung edges due to retraction from thoracic wall
Effusion in AC
Liquid in abdomen. Can be classified as transudate, exudate, blood, and urine
Two positions to study abdominal cavity
Ventrodorsal
Lateral-Lateral (does not matter if left or right lateral but the view should be kept consistent in all studies)
What contrast medium is used for urography?
Iodine
Negative (air, oxygen, nitrogen)
Positive
Double
What passes through the retroperitoneal space?
Ureters, kidneys, vena cava caudalis, abdominal aorta, sublumbar lymph nodes, prostate gland and urinary bladder neck
How and where is physiologically visible the fill uinary bladder on the radiograph
It is extraperitoneal with a caudal pointing neck. The body of the bladder will hang cranioventrally and be more rounded when full.
How we count babies in radiogram?
by counting skulls
How many ml of contrast medium we use for negative contrast medium?
30-300ml of air per dog
Radiographic report
Right side o Lateral o Dog (squared vertebrae) o Compression of trachea o Tracheal collapse in cervical + apertura o Diaphragm + border o In articulatio humeri arthrosis
Radiographic report
LL position o Left kidney is enlarged o Contrast medium: positive iodine through I.V catheter (urography) o We can see ureters o In retroperitoneal space only 1 trigonum o Second ureter is running behind trigonum pathology: ectopic no ending
Radiographic report
LL position Dog o Heart is enlarged cardiomegaly, because it is compressing tracheal wall o Measurements are ok o Alveolar lung pattern o See only line of bronchus negative, oedema because of heart
Radiographic report
VD, left, dog o Foreign body 9-10th thoracic vertebrae on the right side o Foreign body is rod shaped, radiopaque metal o Can’t see borders on the right side traumatic o Alveolar part o Foreign body harms lungs
Radiographic report
. LL, dog o Chest x-ray o Right side o Vertebrae are ok o Lungs increased opacity o Interstitial lung pattern o 2nd tumour metastatic
Radiographic report
Thoracic cavity o Lateral side o Trachea in good position, borders are not clear o Heart is not clearly visible o Trachea is pushing dors. In the cranial mediastinum o Lungs: I can see the vessels + structures -> free liquid in the thoracic cavity (maybe exudate, transudate or blood)
Radiographic report
Dog, LL, abdominal cavity o Abdomen disc o Uterus pyometra o Tubular mass radiopaque o Pushing colon/stomach cranially
Radiographic report
Lateral, male, abdominal cavity o Liver + spleen good, no changes o Loops of intestine have little gas, colon ascendens is ok o L- sacral min. + new bone spondylosis deformans + fusion (min.intrav.space) o Foreign body, NOT be confused with kidney
Radiographic report
VD, male, abdominal cavity o See colon and loops of small intestine o Foreign body is radioopaque, NOT be confused with kidney
Radiographic report
Lateral, dog, abdominal cavity o Colon descendes is displaced we can see faeces o Big mass, because we can see border of other organs (radiopacity of fat) o Kidneys no good position o Stomach is pushing on the diaphragm (pushed cranially) o Opacity of kidney (diff.opacity) o It is FAT LIPOMA o Big fat mass o L-S connection stenosis, decreased space
Radiographic report
Dog, LL, not clear organs o Cant see border of diaphragm o No free liquid o We can see the bronchus alveolar lung pattern
Pyloric part of stomach in VD position is on left side of body a. True b. False
False
in fibrosis of lung tissue: on the radiograph we see: interstitial pattern a. True b. False
True
For kidney evaluation we use negative contrast material and application will be in the kidney's pelvis a. True b. False
False
Latero-lateral position, dog, interstitial lung pattern a. True b. False
True
mark the correct size of the kidneys in the breed St. Bernard dog a. 4.5-5.5 times larger than L7 b. 4.5-5.5 times larger than L2 c. 2.5-3 times larger than L7 d. 2.5-3 times larger than L2
2.5-3 times larger than L2
The middle mediastinum contains the silhouette of the heart a. True b. False
True
Normal time period for normograde urography radiography examination is: after application, next 1 hour after application, next 3 hours after application and 5 hours after application a. True b. False
False
Cranial mediastinum include cranial lung lobe a. True b. False
False
Select the correct answer: a. Latero-lateral position, dog, female, spondylosis deformans in lumbo-sacral connection, full urinary bladder b. Latero-lateral position, dog, male, spondylosis deformas in lumbo-sacral connection, radiopaque foreign body in intestine c. Latero-lateral position, dog, female, spondylosis deformans in lumbo-sacral connection, torsion of stomach d. Latero-lateral position, dog, male, spondylosis deformans in lumbo-sacral connection, abdominal effusion
Latero-lateral position, dog, male, spondylosis deformans in lumbo-sacral connection, abdominal effusion
Radiographic report
LL position Dog enlarged cardiac silhouette (cardiomegaly or pericardial effusion) alveolar lung pattern
Oedema of lung has alveolar pattern: a. True b. False
True
Acute bronchitis: mark me correct lung pattern a. without pattern b. bronchial c. alveolar d. intersticial
without pattern
Radiographic anatomy - ultrasonography - write me name of organ (red zone)
(longitudinal) small intestine
Select the correct answer a. latero lateral position, dog, male, pathology radiopaque mass as soft tissue in the sublumbal part - gigantic sublumbal lymph node b. laterolateral position, abdominal mass radiopacity as soft tissue in retroperitoneal space c. laterolateral position, enormously filled bladder, lumbosacral stenosis, spondylosis deformans lumbal vertebrae L2-3 d. laterolateral position, lumbosacral stenosis, spondylosis deformans L-S
laterolateral position, lumbosacral stenosis, spondylosis deformans L-S
ULTRASOUND: Acoustic enhancement is artefact: produced by structures in the body which reflect or absorb nearly 100% of the ultrasound beam a. True b. False
False
Radiographic report
LL position Male dog urinary bladder with negative contrast is very dorsal in comparison to normal position masses with radiopacity as soft tissue in ventral abdomen pushing the urinary bladder dorsally confirmation with ultrasound
When the torsion of stomach by 180 degrees is: a. pylorus is right side of patient and dorsally b. pylorus is left side of patient and ventrally c. pylorus is right side of patient and ventrally d. pylorus is left side of patient and dorsally
pylorus is left side of patient and dorsally
Write the physiological position of the cecum in the dog in VD and LL position a. VD-right side of patient LL-medially b. VD-left side of patient LL-medially c. VD-left side of patient LL-ventrally d. VD-right side of patient LL-ventrally
VD-right side of patient LL-medially
Note
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