The Columbian Exchange and Its Global Impacts

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between continents.

Credit Definition

Borrowed money to be repaid with interest.

Mercantilism Concept

Economic policy emphasizing trade surplus and colonialism.

Spanish and Portuguese Methods

Military, religious, and economic strategies for colonization.

Dutch East India Company

Powerful trading company focusing on Southeast Asia.

Capitalism Definition

Economic system based on private ownership and trade.

Triangular Trade

Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and Americas.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Forced transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Industrial Revolution Contribution

Slave labor fueled economic growth and industrialization.

French Code Noir

Laws regulating slavery and race in French colonies.

Plantation Systems and Slave Trade

Plantations relied on enslaved labor for profitability.

Justifications for Slavery

Economic benefits and racial theories supported slavery.

Race Conceptions Development

Slavery shaped societal views on race and hierarchy.

Slavery's Impact

Long-term effects on societies, economies, and laws.

Domesticated Plants

Crops cultivated by humans for food and resources.

Domesticated Animals

Animals bred by humans for work, food, or companionship.

Impact of Disease

Diseases decimated indigenous populations during exchange.

Turkeys in Exchange

Turkeys were introduced to Europe from the Americas.

Potatoes in Exchange

Potatoes became staple food in Europe post-exchange.

Staple Crop

Essential food for survival of a population.

Cash Crop

Crop grown for sale and profit.

Plantation Systems

Large farms using enslaved labor for cash crops.

Global Population Impact

Increased populations due to new food sources.

Indigenous American Impact

Dramatic decline in population due to disease.

Voluntary Migration

Movement of people by choice for opportunities.

Involuntary Migration

Forced movement of people, often due to slavery.

Empire Definition

A large political structure controlling diverse territories.

Akkadian Empire

First known empire, established in Mesopotamia.

Egypt as Non-Empire

Unified state but lacked territorial expansion.

Empire Challenges

Resistance, resource management, and administrative issues.

Reasons for Empire Formation

Economic gain, security, and cultural expansion motives.

Center-Periphery Conditions

Diverse experiences and resources between empire regions.

Empire Deterioration

Economic strain, internal conflict, and external pressures.

Interest Definition

Cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage.

Stocks Definition

Shares representing ownership in a company.

Bonds Definition

Loans made to an entity, repaid with interest.

Bills of Exchange

Financial instruments for transferring money internationally.

Joint Stock Company

Business entity owned by shareholders for profit.

Fibonacci's Contribution

Mathematical principles aiding economic system development.

Early Banking Systems

Institutions providing loans, deposits, and currency exchange.

Economic Systems Impact

Shifted social classes and structures in societies.

Status of Enslaved People

Varied across Africa and Muslim regions pre-European involvement.

Transatlantic Slave Trade Context

The forced transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas, driven by European demand for labor on plantations. This trade significantly impacted demographics, economies, and cultures across continents.

European Triangular Trade Goods

textiles, rum, manufactured goods

African Triangular Trade Goods

slaves

american triangular trade goods

sugar, tobacco, cotton

slavery’s impact on the industrial revolution

Slavery provided a significant labor force and raw materials, and those goods were generally sent to Europe. These goods were some of the first commodities driving industrial growth.

french code noir

Laws governing enslaved and free people of color in colonies.

plantation system development connection to slave trade

The plantation system developed as a result of the demand for labor-intensive crops, leading to the importation of enslaved Africans to work on large plantations in the Americas.

motivation for slavery

demand for cheap labor and economic gain

justifications for slavery

racial superiority, genetics, i know it

racial conceptions

slavery justified enslavement of africans, which supported the blief that they are biologically inferior to white people

slavery’s impact on communities

disruption of social structures, loss of culture and identity, economic exploitation

slavery impact on legal systems

establishment of laws that enforced racial discrimination and segregation, and the creation of legal frameworks that upheld slavery as a legitimate institution.