BMS 250 - Exam #2

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109 Terms

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Layers of the dermis

Papillary is superior to reticular layer

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Tissue found in papillary

Areolar CT

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Tissue found in reticular

Dense irregular CT

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Features found in papillary layer

Dermal papillae

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Features found in reticular layer

Lines of cleavage

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Function of dermal papillae

Increase the area of contact with epidermis, supply nutrients to epidermis through capillaries, sensory nerve endings for touch

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Significance of cleavage lines

Resist stress

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Composition of subcutaneous layer

Areolar CT and adipose CT

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Functions of subcutaneous layer

Cushion & protect, energy storage, thermal insulation

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Functions of nails

Protection, manipulation/grasping, scratching

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Functions of hair

Protection, facial expression, heat retention, visual identificaiton, chemical signal dispersal, sensation

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Function of arrector pili muscle

Cause hair to stand on end

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Merocrine sweat glands

Most numerous sweat gland, discharge onto skin surface as sweat. Help with thermoregulation and protection.

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Apocrine sweat glands

Discharge into hair follicles, discharge is viscous and turbid.

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Function of sebaceous glands

Lubricate hair and protection

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Secretion from sebaceous glands

Discharge into hair follicles, discharge is sebum

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What is acne?

Plugged sebaceous gland

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What is an articulation?

A place of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, and bones and teeth

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Structural classification of joints

Fibrous, cartilage, synovial

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Functional classification of joints

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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What happens when mobility increases?

Stability decreases

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What happens when mobility decreases?

Stability increases

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Location of gomphoses

Between root of teeth & alveolar processes of mandible & maxilla

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Structural & functional class of gomphoses

Fibrous, synarthrosis

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Location of sutures

Between certain bones of skull

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Structural & functional class of sutures

Fibrous, synarthrosis

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Location of syndesmoses

Between radius & ulna and between tibia & fibula (interosseous membrane)

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Structural and functional class of sutures

Fibrous, amphiarthrosis

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Location of synchondroses

Epiphyseal plate, costochondral joints. Joined by hyaline cartilage

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Structural and functional class of synchondroses

Cartilage, synarthrosis

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Location of symphyses

Pubic symphyses, intervertebral joint

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Strucutral and functional class of symphyses

Cartilage, amphiarthroses

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What do all synovial joints have in common?

Diarthroses, seperated by a fluid-filled joint cavity

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What features are present in synovial joints?

Articular cartilage, articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane), and joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)

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Function of synovial fluid

Lubricate articular cartilage, nourish chondrocytes of articular cartilage, and absorb shock

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Function of articular cartilage

Covers articulating bone surfaces, reduces friction between movement, absorbs compression, prevents damage to ends of bones. Avascular!

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Function of joint cavity

Space that separates articulating bones, holds synovial fluid

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Uniaxial

Bones move in one plane

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Biaxial

Bones move in two planes

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Multiaxial

Bones move in multiple planes

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Plane (gliding) synovial joint

Uniaxial, two flat surfaces meet. Found in intertarsal and vertebrocostal joints

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Hinge synovial joint

Uniaxial, convex surface of one meets concave depression of another. Found in humeroulnar (elbow) joint

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Pivot synovial joint

Uniaxial, rounded surface of one fits ring formed by ligament in another. Found in atlantoaxial and proximal radioulnar joints

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Condylar (ellipsoidal) synovial joint

Biaxial, oval condyle of one fits elliptical cavity of another. Found in metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joint

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Saddle synovial joint

Biaxial, complementary convex and concave surfaces. Found in first carpometacarpal (thumb) joint

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Ball & socket synovial joint

Multiaxial, spherical head of one fits into cuplike depression of another. Found in glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

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Major components of skeletal system

Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, articulation structures

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Compact bone v. spongy bone

Compact is much more dense and rigid, withstands mechanical stress (80% of bone mass). Spongy is deep to compact, store bone marrow and distribute stress (20% of bone mass)

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Hyaline cartilage in human skeleton

Fetal skeleton, costal cartilage, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate

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Fibrocartilage in human skeleton

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

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General functions of bone

Support & protection, levers for movement, hemopoiesis (blood cells production), storage of minerals/energy reserve (calcium and phosphate)

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Functions of the integument

Protection, immune function, prevent water loss/gain, sensation, metabolic regulation (vitamin D production), secretions/absorption, temperature regulation

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How does the integument protect the body?

Helps protect against injury, toxins, pathogens, temperature extremes, solar radiation

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How does the integument prevent water gain/loss?

Water-resistant epidermis (not water-proof!)

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How does the epidermis participate in calcium & phosphorus utilization?

Keratinocytes synthesize cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) which is converted to other substances in liver and kidney, results in increased phosphorus & calcium absorption in small intestine

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How does integument participate in secretions?

Discharges substances from the body such as sweat (cools body and excretes waste products) and sebum (lubricates epidermis & hair & improves water resistance)

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How does integument participate in absorption?

Allows hydrophobic substances to cross barrier, absorbs certain chemicals and drugs (transdermal administration)

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Vasoconstriction

Blood vessel diameter narrows, blood further from surfaces, helps conserve heat when the body is cold

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Vasodilation

Blood vessel diameter expands, blood closer to surface, releases excess heat when the body is hot

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Layers of epidermal strata shortcut

Superficial to deep —> Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned

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Layers of epidermal strata

Superficial to deep —> Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale

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Keratinocytes

Synthesize keratin, found in all layers of epidermis

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Melanocytes

Produce and store melanin (protection against cancer, protect keratinocytes), found in stratum basale

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Tactile cells

Detects light touch and pressure, found in stratum basale

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Epidermal dendritic cells

Immune cells, found in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

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Stratum basale 

Deepest epidermal layer, single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells attached to basement membrane, contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

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Stratum spinosum

Non-dividing keratinocytes connected through membrane junctions (adhesion proteins) & epidermal dendritic cells (phagocytize pathogens and cancer cells)

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Stratum granulosum

3-5 layers of flattened cells, process of keratinization begins here, named for keratin & lipid-based substance cytoplasmic granules

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Stratum lucidum

2-3 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes (featureless w/ indistinct boundaries), only found in thick skin

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Stratum corneum

Most superficial layer, 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes, dry & thickened surface

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Features of thick skin

Found in palms of hands and soles of feet, contains all 5 epidermal strata, contains only sweat glands, range of thickness is 0.4mm - 0.6mm

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Features of thin skin

Covers most of body, lacks stratum lucidum, contains sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, range of thickness is 0.075mm - 0.150mm

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What causes difference in skin color?

Hemoglobin, carotene, melanin

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Hemoglobin

Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells, blood vessels in dermis take on a reddish blue

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Carotene

Yellow-orange pigment acquired from diet

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Melanin

Pigment with black, brown, tan, yellow-brown shades

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How does melanin help with protection?

Shields keratinocyte DNA from UV radiation

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How does melanin color skin?

Melanocyte activity (environment) and color of melanin (genetics)

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Long bones

Longer than they are wide (femur, metacarpals)

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Short bones

Length equals width (sesamoid bones, carpals)

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Flat bones

Thin/curved bones (frontal bone of skull, rib bones)

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Irregular bones

Elaborate/complex shape (vertebra, ethmoid bone)

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Anatomy of long bones

Diaphysis (shaft), medullary cavity (hollow space within diaphysis), epiphysis (ends, proximal & distal), metaphysis (junction between diaphysis and epiphysis), epiphysial plate (layer of cartilage in metaphysis that allows growth)

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Periosteum

Protective sheath surrounding all areas of long bone except areas covered by articular cartilage (fibrous layer, cellular layer, perforating fibers)

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Endosteum

Where spongy bone dissolves into medullary cavity, incomplete layer of cells

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Nutrient foramen

Opening in long bone where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit

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Gross anatomy of non-long bones

External surface is compact bone, interior is spongy bone, no medullary cavity

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Red bone marrow

Reticular CT, immature blood cells, and fat. Homopoiesis (formation of blood cells and platelets). Most common in children, found in medullary cavity of long bones. In adults, only remains in portions of axial skeleton and epiphyses of humerus and femur

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Yellow bone marrow

Adipose CT. Energy reserve. Most common in adults

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Osteoprogenitor cells

Stem cells, divide into 1 stem cell and 1 osteoblast

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Osteoblasts

Perform bone deposition (build bones), secrete osteoid and regulate mineralization. Cuboidal shape with abundant rough ER & golgi, become trapped in bone matrix & differentiate into osteocytes

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells, performs mechanosensation (perceives mechanical stimuli) and orchestrates bone remodeling

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Osteoclasts

Large, multinucleated phagocytic cells located in resorption lacuna, perform bone resportion (break down)

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Organic component of extracellular matrix of bone

Osteoid (collagen fibers, ground substance of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, & glycoproteins). Resists torsion (twist) and tensile (stretch)

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Inorganic compounds of extracellular matrix of bone

Hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, other salts and ions). Resists compressional forces

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Calcification

Osteoid & hydroxyapatite work together, osteoblasts secrete semisolid osteoid, hydroxyapatite crystals form around collagen fibers (think rock candy on a stick). Requires vitamin D and A.

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Bone resorption (breakdown of bone tissue)

Osteoclasts secrete proteolytic enzymes that digest organic compounds, hydrochloric acid to dissolve inorganic compounds

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Intramembranous ossification bones

Flat bones of facial skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central bone of clavicle.

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Steps of intramembranous ossification

  1. Ossification center forms in thickened mesenchyme

  2. Osteoid undergoes calcification

  3. Immature woven bone (primary bone) and periosteum form

  4. Lamellar bone (secondary bone) replaces woven bone, forming compact & spongy bone

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Bones of endochondral ossification

Upper & lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle