BIOL 227 Ch1

anatomy

the study of structure

comparative anatomy

examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species

developmental anatomy

study of structure changes with in an individual from conception to maturity

embryology

study of changes prior to birth

regional anatomy

study of structures within a single region of body

systemic anatomy

studies the gross anatomy of each system in the body

surface anatomy

study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings

pathologic anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

radiograhic anatomy

the relationships among internal structures that may be viewed by x-ray, MRI, ultrasound,ect

surgical anatomy

the anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery

chemical level

simplest level, that involves atoms and molecules

cellular level

consist of cells

tissue level

groups of similar cell with a common function

epithelial tissue

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

connective tissue

protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs

muscle tissue

produces movemnt

nervous tissue

conducts impulses for internal communication

organ level

different tissue types combine to form an organ

organ system level

consist of related organs that work together to achieve a common function

organismal level

all body systems function independently in a single living human, the organism

organization

all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

metabolism

all organisms carry out various chemical reactions such as digesting nutrients and expelling waste

adaptation

over a period of time an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavioral trait to increase its expected long term reproductive success

homeostasis

maintain a consistent internal enviroment

integumentary system

hair, skin, and associated glands that provide protection, regulates body temp, prevents water loss, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D

skeletal system

provides support and protection, stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachment

muscular system

produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

nervous system

a regulatory system that controls all other systems in the body, responds to sensory stimuli, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

endocrine system

consist of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones

cardiovascular system

consists of heart and blood vessels

lymphatic system

transports and filters lymph fluid and initiates an immune response

respiratory system

responsible for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and lungs

digestive system

digest food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

urinary system

concentrates waste products in the form of urine and expels urine from body

reproductive system

produces male/female sex cells and hormones

coronal plane

frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

anterior

in front of, toward the front surface

posterior

in back of, toward the back surface

dorsal

at the back side of the human body

ventral

at the belly side of the human body

transverse plane

cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane the cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ to separate the body into superior and inferior parts

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

caudal

at the rear or tail end

cranial

at the head end

rostral

toward the nose

midsagittal plane

median plane, extends through the body vertically dividing the body into right and left halves

sagittal plane

parallel to the midsagittal plane but either to the right or left of it, divides into right or left portions that may or may not be equal

oblique plane

pass through a specimen at an angle

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep (internal)

on the inside, underneath a structure

superficial (external)

on the outside

proximal

closest to the point of attachment to the trunk

distal

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

axial region

includes head, neck, and trunk

appendicular region

limbs, which attach to the axis

abdominal region

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones, the abdomen

antebrachial

forearm, portion of the arm between the elbow and wrist

antecubital

front of elbow

auricular

ear

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm between the shoulder and elbow

buccal

cheek

calcaneal

heel of foot

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

cranial

skull

crural

lower leg between the knee and ankle

deltoid

shoulder

digital

fingers or toes

dorsal

back

femoral

thigh

fibular

lateral aspect of leg

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock

hallux

great toe

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

mammary

breast

manus

hand

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

back or posterior of the head

olecranal

back or posterior of elbow

oral

mouth

orbital

eye

palmar

palm of hand

patellar

kneecap

pelvic

pelvis

perineal

anus

pes

foot

plantar

sole of foot

pollex

thumb

poplital

back of knee

pubic

lower, anterior region of pelvis