APEURo

Which of the following best explains the significance of Petrarch to the Italian Renaissance?
a. He created the printing press which spread Renaissance ideas
b. He painted the School of Athens symbolizing classical revival
c. He was an early Christian humanist who criticized the Catholic Church
d. He was considered the 'Father of Humanism' for reviving classical texts

d

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Renaissance humanism?
a. A rejection of Christianity in all forms
b. Encouragement of education in the humanities
c. A focus on classical Greek and Roman texts
d. Emphasis on human potential and achievements

a

Which of the following best explains why Renaissance ideas spread north of Italy?
a. Muslim scholars carried manuscripts into Germany
b. The Medici family opened academies in France and England
c. The Crusades brought manuscripts to northern Europe
d. The invention of the printing press allowed for rapid reproduction of texts

d

A key distinction of Northern Renaissance art compared to Italian Renaissance art was:
a. Exclusive focus on secular subject matter
b. Use of only classical mythology as inspiration
c. A rejection of naturalism
d. Greater emphasis on ordinary people and everyday life

d

Which of the following was NOT a major effect of the printing press in early modern Europe?
a. The rapid spread of Renaissance and Reformation idea
b. An increase in literacy among urban populations
c. A demand for vernacular literature
d. A decline in religious debate and controversy

d

Regarding the Ninety-Five Theses, which of the following was Martin Luther most critical of?
a. Priestly ignorance
b. Selling indulgences
c. Giving too much authority to the Pope
d. Nepotism

b

All the following are examples of Lutheran beliefs and practices EXCEPT:
a. Salvation was achieved through faith and good works
b. Simple places of worship
c. Sins should be confessed through prayer to God
d. The Bible was the sole authority on spiritual matters

a

Which of the following best explains Luther’s lack of support for peasants during the Peasants’ War in 1524–25?
a. Luther feared supporting the peasants would strengthen the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany.
b. Luther wanted to maintain support among German princes and believed secular rulers were ordained by God.
c. Luther believed that supporting the peasants would lead to his followers becoming Calvinist.
d. As a member of the nobility, Luther generally favored the suppression of the peasantry.

b

The most significant difference between the beliefs of Calvinists and Lutherans involved
a. salvation through works alone
b. the sale of indulgences
c. the authority of the Bible versus the clergy
d. the concept of predestination

d

Despite attempting to end religious conflict, the Peace of Augsburg contributed to tension because
a. it excluded Calvinists and Anabaptists
b. Catholicism was deemed the official religion of the Holy Roman Empire
c. Luther encouraged his supporters among the German nobility to break the agreement
d. it allowed the German people to choose their religion

a

The triggering event for the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War was the
a. Defenestration of Prague
b. Council of Trent
c. the marriage of Charles V and Isabella
d. War of the Three Henrys

a

During the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the Catholic Church addressed criticism by [CHOOSE TWO]
a. Focusing on improving the education of the clergy
b. Stating the Bible was the sole authority on spiritual matters
c. Reducing the number of sacraments from seven to four
d. Banning the sale of indulgences

a, d

What was a key innovation of the Agricultural Revolution in England and the Dutch Republic?
a. continuing the three-field system with one-third fallow
b. rotating nutrient-depleting crops with nitrogen-fixing crops like clover
c. eliminating all livestock to focus solely on grain production
d. importing American crops exclusively for livestock feed

b

All the following are principles of mercantilism EXCEPT:
a. Wealth is finite, so one nation’s gain is another’s loss
b. Nations should maximize exports and minimize imports
c. Colonies should enrich the mother country
d. Governments should avoid interfering in trade and the economy

d

Which of the following best describes Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s economic policies under Louis XIV?
a. He promoted free trade and minimized government intervention.
b. He strengthened domestic manufacturing and protected French industries.
c. He relied on colonies to produce finished goods independently for global markets.
d. He abolished tariffs and encouraged imports to increase consumer choice.

b

How did mercantilism and global trade affect the European bourgeoisie?
a. They lost influence to traditional aristocracy.
b. They gained wealth and power through commerce and finance.
c. They were excluded from colonial trade and investment.
d. They became entirely dependent on guilds for economic opportunities.

b

Which of the following BEST describes the intendant system in 17th century France?
a. Local nobility retained control over taxation and law enforcement in their provinces
b. Royal agents that enforced the king’s policies, collected taxes, and administered provinces
c. The Catholic Church supervised provincial governance and enforced moral laws
d. Huguenots administered local courts and collected taxes independent of the monarchy

b

Which of the following best describes one way Peter the Great sought to Westernize Russia?
a. He encouraged the boyars to maintain traditional Russian dress and customs.
b. He forced nobles to adopt European-style clothing, shave their beards, and serve in the military
c. He abolished the Russian Orthodox Church entirely to promote secularism
d. He reduced the size of the military to focus on cultural reforms

b

What was a major outcome of the Great Northern War (1700–1721) for Russia under Peter the Great?
a. Russia lost significant territory to Sweden, weakening Peter’s authority
b. Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea and became a major European power
c. Russia became a constitutional monarchy under the guidance of the nobility
d. Peter abandoned Westernization efforts to focus on domestic stability

b

The War of Spanish Succession (1701–1713) was primarily fought to
a. Gain territory in the Spanish Netherlands
b. Prevent the unification of France and Spain under a single monarch
c. Stop Ottoman expansion into Central Europe
d. Spread French cultural influence across Europe

b

How did the Treaty of Westphalia impact the Dutch Republic?
a. It forced the Dutch to convert to Catholicism
b. It hurt the profitability of the Dutch East India Company
c. It gave France control of Dutch colonies in North America
d. It secured full independence for the Dutch from Spain

d

All the following were strategies Louis XIV used to consolidate power in France EXCEPT
a. Requiring nobles to spend time at Versailles to limit their independent political influence
b. Strengthening the French economy through mercantilist policies under Jean-Baptiste Colbert
c. Promoting religious tolerance by protecting Huguenots under the Edict of Fontainebleau
d. Expanding the size of the standing army to strengthen royal authority

c

One important factor that helped spread new scientific ideas quickly during the Scientific Revolution was the:
a. Growth of feudalism
b. Development of universities
c. Invention of the printing press
d. Steamboats

c

Johannes Kepler improved upon Copernicus’s model by discovering that:
a. Planets orbit in ellipses
b. The Earth does not move
c. Stars orbit around Earth
d. The Sun orbits the planets

a

Francis Bacon is most closely associated with which method of reasoning?
a. Deductive reasoning
b. Empiricism (inductive reasoning)
c. Scholasticism
d. Alchemy

b

Montesquieu is best known for:
a. advocating for government power divided into separate branches
b. Advocating the divine right of kings
c. Supporting absolute monarchy
d. Writing Candide

a

Rousseau’s Social Contract emphasized:
a. Individuals should obey the general will of the state
b. Complete freedom without social rules
c. Economic self-interest above all else
d. Divine right of kings

a

All the following Enlightenment thinkers are correctly matched with their ideas EXCEPT:
a. Locke

natural rights (life, liberty, property)
b. Rousseau

Why was there conflict among the Three Estates?
a. The First and Second Estates paid nearly all taxes
b. The Third Estate had the least privilege but paid most taxes
c. The clergy refused to meet with the nobility
d. The Third Estate wanted to abolish the monarchy immediately

b
Abbé Sieyès is best known for which claim in 1789?
a. “The king is the state.”
b. “The nobility must lead the revolution.”
c. “What is the Third Estate? Everything.”
d. “The Church must remain supreme in politics.”

The Tennis Court Oath pledged that members would
a. overthrow the monarchy
b. continue meeting until a constitution was written
c. disband the National Assembly
d. reinstall absolutism

b

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen emphasized
a. hereditary privilege
b. universal male suffrage
c. natural rights and equality before the law
d. strengthening the monarchy

c

The National Convention is best known for
a. drafting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
b. abolishing the monarchy and declaring a republic
c. creating a new tax code
d. restoring power to Louis XVI

b

The Committee of Public Safety’s main purpose was to
a. negotiate with foreign powers
b. enforce wartime measures and protect the revolution
c. restore the monarchy
d. administer church lands

b

The Reign of Terror was justified by Robespierre as necessary to
a. allow free speech
b. protect France from internal and external enemies
c. restore feudal privileges
d. decentralize government

b

The primary objective of the Napoleonic Code was to
a. restore feudalism and return serfs to their land
b. simplify and unify French laws into one clear legal framework
c. expand church control over legal matters
d. create separate legal systems for each region of France

b

All the following were features of the Napoleonic Code EXCEPT:
a. laws were to be based on reason and common sense rather than tradition
b. all men were to be treated equally and guaranteed rights under the law
c. women gained expanded property rights and legal independence
d. the feudal system was abolished, and peasants were freed from serfdom

c

Which of the following best describes the significance of the Battle of Trafalgar (1805)?
a. it allowed Napoleon to invade and conquer Britain
b. it confirmed British naval supremacy under Admiral Horatio Nelson
c. it forced Britain to join the Continental System
d. it resulted in a decisive French control of the Atlantic

b

What was the primary goal of Napoleon’s Continental System?
a. to create a unified currency across Europe
b. to isolate Britain economically by prohibiting European trade with it
c. to strengthen France’s navy to challenge British sea power
d. to force Russia into a permanent military alliance with France

b

What was the main purpose of the Concert of Europe established after the Congress of Vienna?
a. To promote free trade across Europe
b. To maintain the balance of power and prevent major wars
c. To enforce Napoleon’s legal reforms across Europe
d. To encourage revolutionary movements against monarchies

b

All the following are characteristics of Romanticism EXCEPT:
a. Emphasis on feelings, emotion, and imagination
b. Focus on the mysterious, supernatural, or exotic
c. Celebration of strict reason and logic over emotion
d. Glorification of heroes, the past, and themes of nationalism

c