Anthropology 2.1

Jared Diamond stated

Agriculture is the worst mistake in human history today

forgers/hunter gatherers

obtaining food in the wild

foraging

environment determines food supply

noematic 

moving around for food, not stable 

foraging band

typically small with less than 100 people

egalitarian

everyone is seen as mostly equal

horticulture 

growing crops w/ simple tools and methods but no permanently cultivated fields, about 150 people 

population pressure

fear of starvation, leads to agricultural methods

Yanomamo

live in rainforest between Brazil and Benasalia

Pastoralism

Depending on domesticated herds and animals that feed on natural pastor

Four categories of getting food

Agriculture pastoralism horticulture and foraging

Transhumance

Few people (1, pre pubescent woman) stays w/ the herd of animal while everyone else is the village 

Pastoral nomadism

All following the herd

Baseri

Avonian Nomads sheep and goat pastoralist donkey camels used for transportation

Lapps

Reindeer pasture list located in Scandinavia

Agriculture

Uses techniques that enable permanent field cultivation

3 types of economic systems

Redistribution, reciprocity and market system

Economic systems can be broken into what three categories

Production distribution consumption

Domestic system

Focuses on Survival not profit

Capital

Wealth or resources invested in a business with intent of producing a profit

Capitalism

System of production with the object of maximizing profit rather than supplying domestic needs

The fire sector

Finance, insurance, real estate

The optimal foraging Theory

Individuals seek to maximize their Returns on labor and deciding which animals and plants to hunt and collect

Reciprocity

Giving and taking without the use of money usually between social equals

Reciprocity is what kind of gathering method

Forging

Generalize recoposity

expecting nothing concrete or immediate in return

Potlatch

Native American tribes sharing food

Balanced reciprocity

Giver Expect something immediate in return

Kula ring

Mawali: white shell armbands 

Soulava: red shell necklace

Negative reciprocity

Expecting The best possible immediate return

Redistribution

Accumulation of goods for the purpose of subsequent distribution

Market system/exchange

Exchanging in which prices are subject to supply and demand

Main population genetics 

gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection 

allele

1 or 2 more versions of a gene

gene flow

movement of genes from one population to another

gene flow occurs through?

migration and interbreeding

gene flow causes

increase in diversity in a population and decrease differences between populations

genetic drift

random change in allele/gene frequencies

founder effect

smaller group makes a population bottle neck population (smaller population)

natural selection

process where organisms better adapted to environmental survival

clines

a gradual change in traits across geographic areas related to environmental factors

human variation

differences we see among people, height, skin color, blood types etc.

traits

control are physical features - sickle cell provides protection against malaria

weber’s 3 ideals for stratification 

wealth, power, prestige

stratification

difference in society

there is no ___________ basis for race

biological

melanin

determines skin color/ blocks uv

UV makes?

vitamin D and helps absorb calcium

why is there no biological basis for race

no biological basis the exclusively line up w one race

race exist as a social structure 

its a set of cultural defined variables based on any of numerous factors non of which are biologically accurate

ethnicity

refers to a group who share common origin and language history and selective cultural differences. such as a difference in religion

achieved

status earned 

ascribe

status that you have no choice of occupying