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Fascism
Antidemocratic movement emerging from economic struggles.
Benito Mussolini
Italian leader who established fascism in Italy.
Adolf Hitler
German dictator who led the Nazi Party.
Hideki Tojo
Japanese leader during World War II.
Treaty of Versailles
Post-WWI agreement causing resentment in Germany.
League of Nations
International organization ineffective in preventing aggression.
Aryan Supremacy
Belief in superiority of the Aryan race.
Expansionism
Policy of territorial or economic expansion.
Mein Kampf
Hitler's book outlining his ideology and goals.
Rome-Berlin Axis
Alliance between Italy and Germany during WWII.
Neutrality Act of 1935
US law restricting arms sales to warring nations.
Popular Front
Coalition opposing fascism, including various activists.
Munich Conference
1938 meeting allowing German annexation of Czechoslovakia.
Non-aggression Pact
Agreement between Hitler and Stalin to avoid conflict.
Four Freedoms
FDR's principles: speech, religion, want, fear.
Lend-Lease Act
1941 law allowing US to supply Allies.
Isolationism
Policy of remaining apart from foreign conflicts.
FDR's Third Term
Unprecedented election bid due to WWII.
American First Committee
Group advocating for US neutrality in WWII.
Ethiopian Invasion
Mussolini's 1935 attack, defying the League.
Czechoslovakia Annexation
Hitler's 1938 takeover, violating international agreements.
Military Power Seizure
Hitler's consolidation of military control in Europe.
FDR's Military Expansion
Increased US military capabilities in response to war.
Lend-Lease
US program to supply Allies with military aid.
Atlantic Charter
1941 declaration of Allied goals by FDR and Churchill.
Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack on US naval base, December 7, 1941.
War Powers Act
1941 law granting president authority over war efforts.
Revenue Act of 1942
Expanded income taxes to finance World War II.
War Productions Board (WPB)
Agency coordinating military production and defense contracts.
Liberty Ships
Cargo ships produced every two weeks for the war.
Military-Industrial Complex
Collaboration between business and government for war production.
Navajo Code Talkers
Native Americans using Navajo language for secure communication.
Women's Army Corps (WAC)
Women's military unit, 140,000 members during WWII.
WAVES
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service in Navy.
Rosie the Riveter
Symbol encouraging women to join the workforce.
Double V Campaign
Civil rights campaign for victories against racism and fascism.
Executive Order 8802
Prohibited racial discrimination in defense industries.
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
Agency enforcing anti-discrimination in wartime employment.
A. Phillip Randolph
Civil rights leader advocating for African American workers.
NAACP Growth
Membership increased to 450,000 by 1945.
CORE
Congress for Racial Equality founded in 1942.
Segregation in Military
African Americans faced segregation despite military service.
Women in Workforce
Women made up 36% of industrial workforce by 1945.
Japanese Asset Freeze
FDR froze Japanese assets in response to aggression.
Axis Powers
Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII.
Military Production Figures
US produced 86,000 tanks, 296,000 airplanes during war.
Social Change
WWII catalyzed shifts in gender and racial dynamics.
War Effort Employment
3.8 million more citizens employed by government.
Post-War Employment Trends
Women continued to work despite post-war push home.
Bracero Program
Brought Mexican laborers to US under poor conditions.
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
Established by FDR to manage labor disputes during war.
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
1944 law providing veterans education and job training.
FDR's Second Bill of Rights
Proposed rights for education, jobs, and healthcare.
Office of War Information (OWI)
Promoted patriotism and war efforts through media.
Backyard Gardens
Provided 40% of produce during wartime rationing.
Wartime Migration
15 million moved for jobs and training camps.
Zoot Suit Riots
1943 racial conflicts in LA over youth fashion.
Great Migration
African Americans moved north for better opportunities.
Japanese-American Internment
Forced relocation of 112,000 Japanese Americans post-Pearl Harbor.
Executive Order 9066
Authorized relocation of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Hirabayashi v. United States
Supreme Court case challenging Japanese internment.
Korematsu v. United States
Supreme Court case on Japanese internment legality.
Labor Shortage
Allowed some Japanese Americans to leave camps.
Rationing
Government regulation of consumer goods during war.
Hollywood's Role
Promoted war efforts through films and documentaries.
Civilian Defense Committees
Organized citizen efforts to support war efforts.
Racial Conflict
Competition for jobs led to violence in cities.
Federal Regulation
Controlled production and distribution of goods.
Gay and Lesbian Communities
Grew during war, influencing future rights movements.
War Department Recruitment
Hired filmmakers to create war-related documentaries.
Postwar Union Power
Increased strength due to wartime government support.
FDR's Reelection
Won 1944 election with 53.5% of vote.
Cali. Migration
3 million moved to California for defense jobs.
Pachuco Gangs
Hispanic youth groups in LA during the war.
War Prosperity
Economic growth contrasted with wartime fears.
SCOTUS
Supreme Court of the United States.
Japanese American Incarceration
Imprisonment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Tehran Conference
1943 meeting to strategize against Axis powers.
D-Day
June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of France.
Battle of Stalingrad
Turning point where USSR halted German advance.
Battle of the Bulge
Germany's last major offensive in December 1944.
Holocaust
Nazi extermination of 6 million Jews.
Bataan Death March
Forced march of US POWs in Philippines.
Manhattan Project
Secret project to develop atomic bomb.
Hiroshima
First city bombed with atomic weapon on August 6, 1945.
Nagasaki
Second city bombed with atomic weapon on August 9, 1945.
Big Three
FDR, Churchill, and Stalin leading Allied powers.
Unconditional Surrender
Demand for total surrender without negotiation.
Casualties
50 million+ deaths during WWII globally.
Allied Bombing Campaign
Attacks on German cities causing mass casualties.
Kamikaze Missions
Suicidal attacks by Japanese pilots on ships.
Yalta Conference
1945 meeting to discuss post-war Europe.
FDR's Death
April 12, 1945, from cerebral hemorrhage.
Economic Disagreement
Capitalism vs. Communism among the Big Three.
Allied Strategy
Focus on defeating Germany before Japan.
War Refugee Board
FDR's initiative to aid Jewish refugees.
Operation Torch
Allied invasion of North Africa in 1942.
Suez Canal
Strategic waterway seized by German forces.
Casualties in Japan
160,000 deaths from atomic bombings.
Operation Overlord
Codename for the D-Day invasion.
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