psychology- competitive pressure.

arousal, stress, anxiety and aggression.

arousal

a pattern of activities,both physiologiical and cognitive, that prepares us for a task.

who developed the factor of arousal and when

cashmore in 2008

who developed the drive theory and when

hull in 1943

draw hull's drive theory.

what is the relationship between arousal and performance according to hull

linear relationship.

as arousal increases what happens to performance according to hull

as arousal increases, performance increases

what does performance depend on according to hull

how a dominant learned responce is intensified.

learned behaviour is more likely to occur as the intensity of the competition increases.

who introduced the inverted U theory and when

Yerkes-Dodson in 1908

draw the inverted U theory

what does the inverted U theory suggest

increased arousal improved performance to an optimum point. After this point,anxiety inhibits performance due to over arousal.

what causes poor performance according to the inverted U theory

low level physiological or psychological arousal.

what happens after optimum arousal according to the inverted u theory and why

gradual decline in performance from the optimal point due to being over aroused and stressed/anxious.

what would over arousal involve according to inverted U theory

losing focus, poor decision making, aggressive behaviour.

draw the catastrophe theory.

who proposed the catastrophe theory and when

hardy in 1990

why was the catastrophe theory put forward

to support the inverted U theory but highlights that this should only be used for athletes who are free from stress that could affect their mood.

what does the catastrophe theory suggest

if an athlete is high in worry, their performance can follow the inverted U beyond the optimal arousal point and it is possible for catastrophe to occur and a dramatic decrease in performance will result.

what does IZOF stand for

individual zones of optimal functioning

who developed IZOF and when

hanin in 1978

what does IZOF explain

everyone has dfferent optimum levels of arousal.

different people can remain optimally aroused for different periods of time resulting in performing at a higher level for a longer period.

what does IZOF see optimum arousal as

as a bandwidth

at low levels of arousal how would you describe an athlete's attention field

broad.

what happens to attention, as arousal increases

attention narrows and irrelevent cues are ignored o you can focus on the relevent cues.

if arousal goes past the optiml, what happens to attention field.

attention continues to narrow adnd performance may deteriorate as player scans the attentional field less.

who proposed the idea of flow states and when

cziksentmihalyi in 2008

flow states

a state in which people are involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter ; the experience is so enjoyable that people willcontinue to do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of it.

what is flow related to

when a person may be so absorbed in an activity that they completely lose track of time and fail to notice that the activity is challenging, captivating and expanding their skills.

what happens to athletes when they experience flow

being more alert, in control, operating in the subconscious, working at the peak of their abilities.

how does low and heigh arousal levels affect concentration and focus

low arousal = low concentration and focus

high arousal = heightened concentration and focus.

what does excessively heightened concentration and focus do and why

hinder athletic performance because it can lead to hypersensitivity to irrelevent stimuli or blind athletes to other relevent information.

who developed the factor of choking and when

gladwell in 2000

choking

performance decrements under pressure conditions despite an individual striving to perform well.

who defined the factor of stress

Mcgrath in 1970

stress

a substantial imbalance between the demand (both physiological and psychological) and responce capability under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences.

who developed the human performance and stress curve and when

Yerkes-Dodson in 1908

draw the human performance and stress curve.

what are the three levels of stress according to the human performance and stress curve

calm,eustress and distress

what is the optimal level of stress

eustress.

what is beyond the optimal levelof stress

distsress.

who developed the four-stage process and when

MCGrath in 1970

what are the four stages in the stress process

demand, perception of demand by the athletes, increased arousallevels, outcome.

who defned the factor of anxiety and when

Honeybourne n 2003

anxiety

the negative affect of experiencing stress .It is the worry that is experienced due to a fear of failure.

what are the six types of anxiety

trait, state, cognitive, somatic, behavioural and competitive anxiety.

trait anxiety

anxiety is and ednduring aspect of an individual's personality.they often have the tendency to view situations as threatening.

state anxiety.

is a temporary, ever-changing mood state to any situation considered threatening.

cognitive anxiety and examples.

experiencing the psychological symptoms of anxiety.

overwhelmed, nerves,worried,anxious, hyperfocussed, loss of concentration, negative mindset.

somatic anxiety and examples

experiencing the physical symptoms of anxiety

increased brething, hot, sweaty, nausea, tensed muscles, shaking

behavioural anxiety and examples

nerves may affect our behaviour in a number of ways

playing it safe, fidgeting, avoiding eye contact, change in posture, rapid speech.

competitive anxiety and examples

athlete feels tense and inadequate in responce to a competitive situation.Often due to fear. Also could be due to changes in a set routine. may be due to confusion or ambiguity.

who developed the multidimensional anxiety theory and when

martens et al 1990

draw the multidimensional anxiety theory

what is the relationship between somatic anxiety and performance

curvilinear relationship

what is the relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance

negative linear relationship.

what happens to the two anxiety types prior to competition according to the multidimensional theory

cognitive stays stable prior to competition whilst somatic increases progressively.

what happens to the two anxiety types during competition according to the multidimensional theory

somatic dissipates but cognitive can vary because the probability of success can change.

how do the two types of anxiety effect performance

cognitive decreases performance and somatic enhances performance.

what are the two types of stress

internal and external

internal sources of stress examples

lack of sleep, fear of failure, self esteem issues, illness

external sources of stress examples.

noisy environment, financial issues, life changng events, bust training schedule.

what are the two categories for symptom of stress

sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic symptoms of stress

heart rate and blood pressure increase

respiration rate increases

blood sugar is released from the liver

adrenaline and noradrenaline are released

fight or flight responce

parasympatheic symptoms of stress

heart rate slows down

blood pressure reduces

respiration returns to resting rate

rest or digest responce

positive consequences of stress

increased energy due to release of adrenaline

increased focus

increased pressue = increased performance

negative consequences of stress

loss of confidence

aggression

burn out

negative mental state

reduced performance

who defined aggression and when

baron and richardson in 1994

aggression

any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming / injuring another live being who is motivaated to avoid such treatment.

what four points does gill's criteria include

aggression is a learnt behaviour

aggression is intentional,it cannot be accidental

aggression involves harm which can be physical or verbal

aggression involves living beings.

what does gill's criteria do

helps us to decide whether something can be considered aggressive or not.

what are the four types of aggression

hostile aggression

instrumental aggression

assertion

relational aggression

hostile aggression

sole aim is to harm or inflict injury

outside the rules of the sport

needs to be eliminated from sport.

instrumental aggression

instends to harmas a means to another goal such as winning, mone or prestige

example: rugby tackling opponent with the intent to wind them

assertion

no intent to harm

strictly within the rules and spirit of the game

robust but finctuional play

focussed on completing the skill successfully

relational aggression

a non-physical form of aggression aimed at causing emotional or psychological harm

Refusing to include new team member

forming cliques

spreading rumours.

who developed the instict theory and when

freud in 1927

what does the instinct theory suggest

aggressive behaviour is innate, we are born with an aggressive instinct that makes aggressive behviour inevitable.

the instinct to be aggressive continues to build up until it is relesed through an aggressive act……letting off steam.

who developed the frustration-aggression theory and when

dollard et al in 1939

what does the frustration-aggression theory suggest

frustration develops when goal directed behaviour or NACH is blocked.

It is instinctive to fulfil the need to release frustration through aggressive acts.

who developed the social learning theory and when

banduar in 1966

what does the social learning theory suggest

aggression is not based on genetics but is nurtured through environmental influences

bandura proposed that aggression is learned through watching and copying others (modelling) particularly significant others and it becomes a behaviour when reinforced.

what does the adapted frustration-aggression theory suggest

aggression occurs in situations where an athlete becomes frustrated as they experience anger and arousal.

if the feelings can not be controlled, the athlete is more likely to become aggressive.

also, the athlete s only likely to become aggressive if their aggressive acts are supported or condoned.