Review questions based off of email

homeostasis

maintain a stable environment

feedback loop

output of a system affects the system’s input

osmosis

movement of solvent across selectively permeable membrane

peroxisome

membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful substances and neutralize free radicals

lysosome

contain digestive enzymes and digest ingested bacteria and viruses

microvilli

increases cell surface area to facilitate absorption or secretion of substances

golgi apparatus

stacked and flattened membranous sacs that modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER

centrosomes

responsible for organizing microtubules and plays a crucial role in cell division by ensuring proper chromosome separation during mitosis

nucleus

membrane bound organelle within a cell that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns

smooth ER

lipid metabolism, detoxification, releases and stores calcium

rough ER

anchors protein producing ribosomes

ribosomes

granules contain protein and rRNA and site of protein synthesis

mitochondria

double membrane structure with inner shelflike cristae, provides most ATP respiration, contains own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

plasma membrane

self assembling lipid bilayer and proteins are self changing to form fluid mosaic

cytoskeleton

gives shape and structure to cells in the body

diffusion

the tendency of particles to spread themselves as thinly as possible

active transport

movement across cell membrane assisted by enzymes and requires energy

resting membrane potential

all cells are electrically more negative on the inside

tonicity

ability to alter cell’s water volume

exocytosis

transporting out of cell

mesoderm

coelom which contains organs, kidney, heard, gonads, muscle, connective tissues

ectoderm

contains nerve tissue and epidermis

endoderm

contains digestive system, lungs, thyroid

epithelial tissue

covers surfaces in the body

connective tissue

supports loose tissue, bones, cartilage, and blood

muscle tissue

moves fibers that contract

nerve tissue

controls electrical signals

apical surface

exposed to exterior or cavity, may be smooth and slick, most have microvilli to increase surface area and some have cilia

basal surface

attached to other tissue, non cellular lamina, glycoproteins

simple epithelia

single layer of cells

stratified epithelia

two or more layers

squamous

flattened, disk shape

cuboidal

cubelike, large spherical nuclei

columnar

tall, round/oval nuclei

glandular epithelia

allows us to secrete a variety of substances like sweat, saliva, tears, milk, and hormones

endocrine glands

secretes biochemical messengers like hormones via exocytosis through lymph or blood

exocrine glands

secretions release onto body surfaces or into body cavities ie mucous, oil, and salivary glands

unicellular exocrine glands

important ones are mucous and goblet cells, found in epithelial lining of intestinal and respiratory tracts

expectorant

thought to increase volume and reduce viscosity of secretion of goblet cells in the trachea and bronchi

multicellular exocrine glands

composed of a duct and secretory unit, usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue, supplies blood and nerve fibers, extends into and divids glands into lobes

tubular

small, tube like-hollow cylindrical anatomical structure in the organs of body

alveolar

a little cavity or hollow

tubuloalveolar

branching tubules that end in secretory alveoli

merocrine

secretes products by exocytosis

holocrine

accumulates within and then ruptures

apocrine

release part of cell along with their secretions in the form of vesicles

blast cells

immature form, mitotically active, secrete ground substances and fibers

cyte cells

mature form, maintain matrix

cartilage tissue

tough yet flexible, lacks nerve fibers

bone tissue

supports and protects body structure, stores fat and synthesizes blood in cavities

cardiac muscle tissue

found in walls of heart, involuntary

skeletal muscle tissue

found in skeletal muscles, voluntary

smooth muscle tissue

highly vascularized, responsible for most types of movement

nervous tissue

regulates and controls body functions

neurons

cell that transmits and receives signals throughout the body

neurolgia

cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

regeneration

same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

fibrosis

connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

dermis

strong, flexible connective tissue that binds body together and contains nerve fibers and epidermal hair follicles

hypodermis

subcutaneous tissue at bottom layer of skin

keratin

family of fibrous structural proteins that makes up outer layer of human skin and major component of hair and nails

melanin

two forms: red/yellow and brown/black. color differences due to amount and form, produced in melanocytes, sun exposure stimulates production

apoptosis

controlled cellular suicide

striae

silvery, white scars, stretch marks, extreme stretching causes dermal tears

blister

from acute, short term trauma, fluid filled pocked separates epidermis and dermis

carotene

yellow to orange pigment

hemoglobin

pinkish hue of fair skin

eccrine sweat glands

most numerous, abundant on palms, soles, and foreheads. ducts connect to pores to function thermoregulation

apocrine sweat glands

confined to axillary and specific anogenital areas, sweat and fatty substances and proteins make milky or yellowish secretion that is odorless until a bacterial interaction

sebaceous glands

widely distributed, but not in thick skin, most develop from hair follicles, relatively inactive until puberty as it is stimulated by hormones

synarthrosis

immovably fixed joint, ie sutures of the skull

amphiarthrosis

slight movement in joint, ie vertebrae

diarthrosis

freely movable joint with wide range of movement, ie synovial joint

osteoarthritis

most common type, destroys cartilage and causes overgrowth, caused by wear and tear of joint over time

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease, affects mostly women

gout

causes uric acid crystals to build up in small joints like the big toe

ligament

attaches bone to bone

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

bursae

sacs lined with synovial membrane, contains fluid, reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

tendon sheath

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

synovial joint

bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity

knee joint

biggest joint in your body

elbow joint

hinge and pivot joint that connects upper arm to forearm

shoulder joint

made up of several joints, highly moveable that allows for movement of arm

temporomandibular joint

allows lower jaw to move in several ways including chewing, yawning, and sucking

contractility

ability to contract or shorten

excitability

ability to respond to stimuli

extensibility

ability to be stretched

elasticity

ability to return to original length after being stretched

actin

thin filament, family of globular proteins that associate to filaments and attach to z-lines

myosin

thick filaments, family of ATP dependent motor proteins that associate to filaments and arrange so their tails point to M-line

titan

springy molecule partially unfold in relaxed muscle

cross bridge cycle

molecular mechanism that explains how muscles contract

slow fibers

contract slowly but have high endurance

fast fibers

contract quickly but only last short term

isotonic contraction

tension remains the same

isometric contraction

muscle contraction without motion where muscle length stays the same

frontal lobe

located at front of brain, behind forehead