Erythrocytes lecture

Function

Transport, O2 nutrients CO2 to and from cells, regulate temperature and tissue fluids, defense, and volume

Regulate

Temperature and tissue fluid fluids allows balance, and pH

Volume

1 kg is about 1 liter, 7% lean body weight per kg

hemostasis

Stop bleeding

Primary hemostasis

platelets plugs carry vesicles that release chemicals that initiate secondary hemostasis after a hole is plugged in capillaries

Secondary hemostasis

Is when we form a fibrin clot through a cascade of 13 different factors

Plasma

45-78% blood volume

The larger the cell volume

the smaller the volume of plasma

How much percent of plasma is water

93%

Primary proteins in plasma

Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Albumin

Primary colloid or protein created by our liver

Globulins

Antibodies created by cells to fight disease

Fibrinogen

One of the clotting factors before blood clots

Electrolytes in plasma

Sodium and potassium and chloride and bicarbonate

Why are sodium and potassium important?

Used for muscle movement and depolarization

Metabolic waste

The metabolism in our cells create waste products such as BUN, creatinine, etc.

Enzymes and plasma

ALT, AST, ALKPHOS, GGT (erase)

Gas is in plasma

O2, CO2

Nutrients in plasma

Nutrients are getting into the plasma after being absorbed from the G.I. tract ex. amino acids and lipids

Erythrocytes function

Gas transport (primary cell)

Leukocytes

White blood cells

What are the two types of leukocytes?

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Types of granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Types of agranulocytes

Monocyte and lymphocytes

What is the plate in birds, reptiles and fish?

Thrombocytes

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell production

Hematopoiesis in the fetus

Occurs in the liver and spleen

Hematopoiesis in neonates

Occurs in bone marrow, red marrow being active, yellow marrow being inactive

Hemopoietic stem cells

Have multiple potentials and need stimulus to become a type of blood cell, but it is a one-way process

Hormone that turns hemopoietic stem cells into RBC

Chemical produced by kidneys called erythropoietin

How hemopoietic stem cells become WBC

Need a specific type of granulous stimuli

Erythron

Includes all the RBC, erythropoietin cells after getting stimulus, and recycling tissues in the spleen

Reason for the kidney cells to create erythropoietin

The lower the O2 levels the kidney cells release erythropoietin into the bone marrow, so it can start to make more RBC

Bone marrow will produce RBC

6 to 8 day maturity cycle

Increased demand for RBC

The bone marrow will release immature RBC (3-5 day prior) and depending on how bad the anemia is, it will tell us what type of immature RBC we will see

How much RBC’s are produced for canine

800,000 RBC/sec also equals removal

Erythrocyte lifespan

About 2 to 5 months

Erythrocyte senescence

After RBC flows for a couple of months the enzyme activity and flexibility decreases

extravascular hemolysis

Breakdown of RBC outside vessels, either recycled through the spleen or eaten by macrophages

RBC recycled back into bone marrow

Recycled globulins are turned into hemoglobin, iron is recycled because it binds to oxygen

HEME

Protein that is not commonly used

heme recycled

Heme is eliminated and made into Bilirubin which is either unconjugated or conjugated (paired with something)

Intravascular hemolysis

RBC breakdown inside blood vessels (bad)

Haptoglobin

Produced by intervascular hemolysis and taken to the liver to be processed creating excess

Hemoglobinemia

Excess haptoglobin, removed by floating in the body creating pink plasma

Hemoglobinuria

Excess hemoglobin that goes to the kidneys is removed through the urine, turning it brown

Erythrocyte morphology

Round, anuclear if mature immature is nuclear, biconcave to increase surface area, central palor will look pale in the middle

Erythrocyte size

Variable; dog > cat> horse/ cow>sheep> goat (1/2 the size of dog)

Erythrocyte membrane

Flexible, deformable, not elastic

Erythrocyte semipermeable

Respond to tonicity, cremation shrivel, hemolysis pop

Erythrocyte O2 transport

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen distributing it depending on the concentration of O2 in an area

Hemoglobin molecule

Four goblin with heme groups, each group requires an iron atom and 102 combined to one iron atom

Types of hemoglobin

Embryo and fetal have O2 affinity adults replace fetal

RBC CO2 direct transport

Directly bind with carbon dioxide

RBC CO2 indirect transport

Combined CO2 with something else

Indirect CO2 transport equation

H2O + CO2 = H2 C03 = H+ + HCO3 -

What helps control pH in the body?

Carbon dioxide

Erythrocyte energy

Do not contain mitochondria, utilize glucose for energy even if they are removed from the body

Hematocrit PCV

Total percent of RBC out of total blood volume plus white blood cells and red blood cells

PCV

Packed cell volume

RBC measurements

Hematocrit PCV, [HB], RBC count

RBC indices

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (mchc), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Reflect average RBC size

Accuracy of indices

Depend on RBC measurements and the interpretation classifies the types of anemia

MCV calculation

PCV * 10 \ by RBC count (8×10^6/mm3) = MCV in fL

MCV Morphologic description

Normocytic: normal rbc size

Macrocytic: big rbc

Microcytic: small rbc

Mchc calculation

Hb (g/dL) grams per deciliter / PCV * 100

MCHC morphologic description

Normochromic: red

Hypochromic: pale

MCH calculation

Hb (g/dL) 10 \ RBC 8.5 × 10^6/mm3

MCH morphologic description. ( not common)

Normochromic

Hypochromic

Anemia

low O2 carrying capacity because of low RBC, loss, destruction, low hemoglobin production, low MCV (iron)

Polycythemia

High number of RBC relative to fluid loss making plasma low, compensatory (hypoxemia)

Polycythemia Vera

High production of rbc

Erythrocyte structural alterations

Can occur in healthy cells, size, shape, cytoplasm

Potential changes in erythrocytes

Membrane composition, hemoglobin structure

Causes of erythrocyte change

Physical response, chemical/metabolic damage, mechanical damage, parasitic organism

Erythrocyte change evaluation

Blood smear mono layer

Cytoplasmic variations

Depend on the degree of staining a.k.a. hypochromic which could mean low MHCH

Hyperchromic

If it does not have pale area in the middle of the cell

Polychromasia

Meaning, many colors usually macrocyte/immature stains faint blue color, and with an NMB stain you get reticulocyes (bluish dots)

Polychromatiphilia

One cell with different colors, patchy areas in the individual cell

Cytoplasmic inclusions

Nucleated RBC (really immature), reticulocytes,

Cytoplasmic inclusions nucleated RBC

Metarubricyte, regenerative, anemia, bone marrow disease, lead toxicosis

Lead toxicosis

With basophilic stepping

Two types of reticulocytes in cats

Aggregate: clumped spots, Punctate ting spots

Howell Jolly body

Nuclear remnant single round object, blue stain

Heinz body

Refractile single to multiple, stain poorly, oxidative damage, can be normal in cats

Pappenheimer bodies

Iron inclusions (too much)

Parasitic inclusions

Small percent of cells have parasites

Comment types of parasitic inclusion

Hemobartonella canis/felis, coccoid or rod shaped, babes is canis, anaplasma marginale

RBC clustering

Agglutination; could mean immune system disorders

Rouleaux

Rbc stacked, normal equine blood