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Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary related to the endocrine system.
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Endocrine Gland
Glands that release chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream.
Endocrine Cell
Cells that release chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream.
Hormone
Chemical messengers released by endocrine cells into the bloodstream.
Target Cell
Cells with receptors for a particular hormone that will respond to it.
Upregulation
Increasing receptor levels on target cells.
Downregulation
Decreasing receptor levels on target cells.
Permissiveness
The process of hormones regulating the receptor levels of other hormones.
Half-life
Time required to reduce the blood concentration of a hormone by 50%.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates TSH and prolactin release from the anterior pituitary.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates GH release from the anterior pituitary.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.
Prolactin-inhibitory hormone (PIH or dopamine)
Hypothalamic hormone that inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary.
Growth hormone-inhibitory hormone (GIRH, Somatostatin)
Hypothalamic hormone that inhibits GH and TSH release from the anterior pituitary.
Oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that causes movement of mammary milk into subareolar sinuses, stimulation of uterine contraction, and feelings of contentment.
Antidiuretic Hormone
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases water absorption in the renal system and causes vasoconstriction.
Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4)
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases metabolism, protein synthesis, and sensitivity to epinephrine/norepinephrine.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that increases bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and intestines.
Aldosterone
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) that increases Na+ resorption and renal K+ excretion.
Glucocorticoids
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) that cause hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, and increased lipolysis.
Leptin
Hormone secreted by adipose tissue that regulates body metabolism, weight, reproductive function, and inflammation.
Glucagon
Hormone secreted by pancreatic a cells that is secreted in response to low blood glucose concentrations; mainly affects the liver to increase blood glucose levels.
Insulin
Hormone secreted by pancreatic b cells in response to increased blood glucose; facilitates glucose entry into muscle, adipose, and other tissues.