Population Dynamics and Migration

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to population dynamics and migration, including definitions and explanations of important terms.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (ages 15-49).

Birth Rate

Number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people in a population.

Replacement Fertility Level

The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically 2.1 to account for mortality rates.

Mortality Rate

Number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people in a population.

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths during the first year of life per 1000 live births.

Child Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of children between the ages of 1 and 5 per 1000 live births.

Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth per 100,000 live births.

Migration

Movement of people which involves a degree of permanence when relocating to a new locale.

Emigration

Movement out of a particular place.

Immigration

Movement to a particular place.

Internal Migration

Migration within national boundaries.

Natural Increase

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the relationship between population and the development of a country, explaining population changes over time.

Epidemiologic Transition

The shift in patterns of mortality and disease, characterized by a decrease in mortality rates due to medical innovations.

Population Explosion

A rapid increase in human population, especially noted in modern times with a significant increase over the last 200 years.

Pro-natalist Policies

Policies intended to encourage childbearing, often implemented in countries with declining populations.

Anti-natalist Policies

Policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Principles outlining migration patterns, including that every migration flow generates a return migration flow.

Dependency Ratio

A measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the productive members of a population.

Push Factors

Characteristics that drive people away from a place.

Pull Factors

Characteristics that attract people to a place.

Forced Migration

Migration that occurs against an individual's will, often due to conflict or persecution.

Voluntary Migration

Migration that occurs by choice, typically based on various push-pull factors.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of pastoral nomads between summer and winter pastures.

Chain Migration

A form of migration where immigrants follow family or friends to the same destination.

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.

Guest Workers

Individuals with temporary permission to work in another country.