Aphasic Errors

agrammatism

some grammatical morphemes drop out of utterances; produce mainly content words; telegraphic speech

jargon

melody of normal utterance, but with paraphasias of unclear origin; word salad, “gibberish”; real words but don’t make sense

anomia

word finding difficulty

circumlocutions

talking around a word or substitute another word; can be a compensatory tool

paraphasias

incorrect word is substituted for an intended or target word: phonemic, semantic, neologistic

phonemic paraphasias (literal paraphasia)

sound additions, subtractions, and distortions, as well as produced words that sound similar, rhyme or share some of the same letters as the target word

e.g. kiger for tiger

semantic paraphasias

the incorrect production is related semantically to the target word, meaning the substituted word is similar in meaning

e.g. dog for cat

semantic paraphasia - coordinate error

truck for car

semantic paraphasia - subordinate error

sedan for car

semantic paraphasia - superordinate error

vehicle for car

semantic paraphasia - unpredictably related

garage for car

neologistic paraphasias (neologisms)

spoken words that cannot be identified as coming from the patient’s language

e.g. planker for comb, pinwad for light

stereotypic utterances

formulaic expressions; certain phrases, words, or sounds to complement or substitute appropriate verbal communication

e.g. yes, no, down the hatch, dammit, oh me