Stereotyping Test 2

Are some people more prejudiced than others

Yes — but Correlations exist → not perfect and Situation matters a lot

Empathetic concern

sympathy/compassion for others

More empathy

slightly lower prejudice

Gender & Prejudice

Women are slightly less prejudiced overall BUT gender attitudes are complex —- “Women are wonderful” effect → women seen more positively Yet also seen as — Less competent and Less deserving of power/rights

General pattern

Favor own racial group

Ideology beliefs about

How the world is and How it should be

Value dissimilarity hypothesis

Prejudice arises when outgroups are seen as having different values

Authoritarianism

Desire for-Obedience, Order, Sameness (NO diversity)

Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Traits

Mentally rigid, Low openness, See world as dangerous, Strong ingroup vs outgroup thinking

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

Desire for group inequality, High SDO people- Believe world = zero-sum - See life as competitive - Support hierarchy

System Justification

Motivation to defend existing systems, Even if unfair

Palliative function

Helps people feel better about inequality (without fixing it)

RWA

fear + order

SDO

competition + hierarchy

System justification

stability + justification

Explicit Prejudice

Conscious, Deliberate, Controllable

Implicit Prejudice

Unconscious, Automatic, Hard to control

Where Implicit Bias Comes From

Social hierarchies and Personal identity & experiences

When Does Implicit Bias Affect Behavior

More influence when Low motivation/effort and Ambiguity

Old-Fashioned Prejudice

Open, explicit racism + Belief in —- Biological superiority and Segregation

Symbolic Prejudice

Subtle, indirect and Expressed through “non-racial” justifications

The Paradox

Support equality in principle and Oppose equality in practice

Two Types of Equality

Equality of opportunity (fair chances) and Equality of outcome (fair results)

Aversive Prejudice

Explicit = “I’m not racist” and Implicit = negative bias

Infants & Social Categories

Recognize differences using and Looking time methods and Prefer familiar groups early

Conscious Awareness

Develops with language – Age → very early — Gender → ~2–3 years — Race → ~4–5 years

Prejudice Development

Increases when - No contact . Decreases when

Cognitive Development Theory

Prejudice = natural early — Decreases with — Better thinking skills

3 Stages

Egocentrism and Notice differences and Understand others’ minds

Social Learning Theory

Prejudice learned through Direct teaching and Observation and Vicarious learning (who has power)

Developmental Intergroup Theory

Combines both Salience (notice differences) and Categorization and Stereotypes & prejudice develop

Perceptual discriminability

(visible differences)

Group size

(minorities stand out)

Social Identity Theory

Self-concept comes from groups. We want positive identity

Social Identity Theory Leads to

Favor ingroup and Differentiate from outgroups

Minimal Group Paradigm

even random groups have bias. Prejudice doesn’t need real conflict

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

Balance is belonging and uniqueness

Relative Deprivation

feeling your group is disadvantaged

Realistic Conflict Theory

Competition over resources → conflict

Hate Crimes & Groups are

Extreme outcomes of – Identity, Threat, and Ideology

What drives prejudice

Personality (RWA, SDO), Situations (ambiguity, norms), Development (learning + cognition), Social identity (ingroup bias)